Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Fungal Infections

Focus on Keratitis and Endophthalmitis Caused by Rare Fungi

Abstract

This review summarizes current knowledge on ocular fungal infections, with emphasis on the clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and management of keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by uncommon fungal pathogens. Filamentous fungi such as Fusarium and Aspergillus often cause rapidly progressive disease, whereas Candida species typically infect eyes with preexisting ocular surface abnormalities or systemic risk factors. Diagnosis relies primarily on microscopy and culture, supplemented by molecular techniques where available. Management requires organism-directed antifungal therapy, with surgical intervention reserved for refractory or vision-threatening cases. Despite advances in diagnostic modalities and therapeutics, fungal keratitis and endophthalmitis remain important causes of visual morbidity, underscoring the need for early recognition and appropriate treatment.