Application of TNT-containing Collagen Gel as Bone Substitute Materials

Abstract

This study investigated the potential of titanium nanotube (TNT)-containing collagen gels as novel bone graft materials for enhancing hard tissue differentiation in extensive bone defects. TNT was synthesized via low-temperature chemical methods and incorporated into a collagen gel modified with glycerol and pullulan. Characterization of the TNT-containing collagen gel confirmed the formation of nanoscale tubular structures and the presence of titanium. In vitro analysis of rat bone marrow cells (RBMCs) cultured with the TNT-containing collagen gel showed significantly higher cell adhesion, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium deposition compared to the control and collagen gel groups. In vivo evaluation using a rat cranial defect model revealed increased bone volume and trabecular density in the TNT-containing collagen gel group, with histological observations indicating advanced calcified hard tissue formation. These findings suggest that the nanotubular structure of TNT promotes extracellular matrix formation and osteoblast activity, supporting bone regeneration. Although further investigation is needed to optimize TNT concentration and assess long-term effects, TNT-containing collagen gels demonstrate promise as next-generation bone graft materials for repairing extensive bone defects. The combination of TNT with glycerol- and pullulan-blended collagen gels may create a synergistic effect, enhancing both the mechanical and bioactive properties of the composite material for advanced bone tissue engineering applications.