Electrolysis of Vacuum Tube Glass Stem

(Part II) The Transformation to Higher Oxide of the Interface of Positive Electrode Caused by Electrolysis of Glass

Abstract

It is shown by electron diffraction that the substance of interface layer between metal electrode and glass caused by electrolysis of the stem undergoes transformation.
For example, the substance of interface formed into TiO in the stem making is reduced at the negative electrode by the natrium ions moved to negative side and is oxidized into TiO₂ at positive side by the excess oxygen ions left around the positive electrode.
The electrical resistivity of the oxidized layer increases exponentially at the first stage of electrolysis and linearly with time at its final stage.