A brief introductory guide to the ultrastructural analyses of plant tissues by using high-pressure freezing techniques

Abstract

High-pressure freezing techniques have been developed in recent decades, and have proven to be immensely powerful for ultrastructural analyses of plant tissues. An increasing number of researchers and students of plant biology are interested in these techniques, and several different types of high-pressure freezing machine are available. The aim of this mini review is to provide the minimum basic knowledge for researchers who intend to freeze plant tissues by using high-pressure freezing techniques.