Abstract
Recent development of the 3D imaging has read us “to observe” the function as well as fine structure of cells and tissues. In this special issue, techniques and practice of four different methods for the 3D imaging: traditional serial ultra-thin sectioning, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), X-ray micro-Computed Tomography and 2 photon microscope, are presented and discussed. This issue is based on the symposium held at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of Japan and co-hosted with The Japanese Society of Plant Morphology and Integrated Imaging Research Support.