Abstract
Nearly 60 primate species consume fungi as a part of their diet, where some species are heavily dependent on fungi, while others use them as minor food resources. Three methods have been used to study mycophagy (fungus-eating behavior) among primates: stomach content analysis, direct observation, and fecal analysis. Direct observation is the most widely used but provides only limited information regarding fungi species eaten by animals. DNA analysis or stable isotope analysis can complement such behavioral data to reveal new insights into mycophagy. Fungi play an important role in maintaining healthy forest by forming mycorrhiza with plant species. Mycophagous primates disperse fugal spores therefore might also contribute to the forest ecosystems. Regardless of their potential as spore dispersers, far fewer studies focus on primates compared with those on other mycophagous mammals such as rodents and marsupials. Studies show that primates generally consume above-ground fungi, while rodents and marsupials use subterranean truffles. Considering the facts that some terrestrial fungi are highly poisonous and that primates build a food repertoire based on feeding experiences, we are confronted with a question of whether they learn how to avoid poisonous fungi. New perspectives and approaches will allow us to explore the animal-fungus relationship in the ecosystem.
