Abstract
'Control center', 'effector', and 'factors' are the main components in the conventional material explaining negative feedback. Changes in the 'factors' are sensed by receptors, 'error messages' are generated in comparison with the 'set point', and based on this, the control center regulates the effectors. In 'Step-by-Step Study of Physiology and Medicine' (http://physiology1.org), the following points were innovated: *Specific explanation is given of changes in activity and factors in the body rather than structure. *Explanation is provided using a model of 'cause' and 'result'. To make the model as simple as possible, a two-layer structure is used. *Changes in activity and factor are clarified. For example, respiration is the 'cause' and depending on this cause, an increase in blood oxygen, which is the 'result' is brought about. When blood oxygen decreases, for reasons other than this mechanism, this would represent a decrease in the 'result' (increased blood oxygen). Then the 'cause' (namely respiration) is increased and the decreased 'result' is brought back to the set point. Likewise, it was confirmed that in all regulatory systems, such as for body temperature, blood pressure and osmotic pressure, the 'cause' and 'result' could be clarified. The actual materials are presented in a step-by-step manner and simple two-choice 'Achievement Quizes' are presented for active learning. [J Physiol Sci. 2008;58 Suppl:S99]
