ILLUMINANCE AS A DETERMINANT OF APPARENT TRANSPARENCY

KAORU NOGUCHI; MASANORI MOTOKI

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.14.204

KAORU NOGUCHI, MASANORI MOTOKI

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1972 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 204-208

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.14.204

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Published: 1972 Received: December 21, 1972 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : A configuration looking like a cross of a black rectangle and a white rectangle on a mid-gray background was uniformly illuminated. Illuminance was varied over 2.4log units in five steps. Each of 10 Ss was asked to judge which one, the black or the white, looked transparent or in front. The percent of “white” judgments generally increased as illuminance was increased. The effect was most marked when the central overlapping area had an intermediate lightness. The findings of this experiment demonstrated that apparent transparency obeyed the haw of similarity of a critical area and its neighboring areas, Illuminance was interpreted as one of the most important factors determining the degree of mutual similarity.
Right : A configuration looking like a cross of a black rectangle and a white rectangle on a mid-gray background was uniformly illuminated. Illuminance was varied over 2.4 log units in five steps. Each of 10 Ss was asked to judge which one, the black or the white, looked transparent or in front. The percent of “white” judgments generally increased as illuminance was increased. The effect was most marked when the central overlapping area had an intermediate lightness. The findings of this experiment demonstrated that apparent transparency obeyed the law of similarity of a critical area and its neighboring areas, Illuminance was interpreted as one of the most important factors determining the degree of mutual similarity.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : FLOCK, H. R. 1971 Toward a theory of brightness contrast. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation-level theory: A symposium. New York: Academic, Pp. 129-146.
FUCHS, W. 1923 Experimentelle Untersuchungen über das simultane Hintereinandersehen auf derselben Sehrichtung. Z. Psychol, 91, 145-235. (For an English summary of this article, see the following volume: W. D. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of Gestalt psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1938, Pp. 89-94.)
HEIDER, G. M. 1933 New studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 17, 13-55.
KANIZSA, G. 1966 Die Erscheinungsweisen der Farben. In W. Metzger (Ed.), Allgemeine Psychologie. I. Der Aufbau des Erkennens. 1. Halbband: Wahrnehmung und Bewusstsein. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie, Hogrefe. Pp. 161-191.
KOFFKA, K. 1935 Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt. Pp. 260-264.
KOZAKI, T. 1969 The role of background lightness in the apparent transparency. Paper read at the 1969 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
METELLI, F. 1967 Zur Analyse der phänomenalen Durchsichtigkeitserscheinungen, In R. Mühlher & J. Fischl (Eds.), Gestalt and Wirklichkeit, Festgabe für Ferclinand Weinhand. Berlin: Duncker & Humboldt. Pp, 285-304
METELLI, F. 1970 An algebraic development of the theory of perceptual transparency, Ergonomics, 13, 59-66.
METZGER, W. 1953 Gesetze des Sehens. Frankfurt a, M.: Kramer. Pp. 127-131.
MORtNAGA, S. 1950 A study on apparent transparency. Paper read at the 1950 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
MORINAGA, S. 1952 The law of similarity and the organization of visual field. In M. Sagara (Ed.), Chiwa Sensei Kanreki Ki-nen Ronbunshu. University of Tokyo. Pp. 9-15 (In Japanese).
MORINAGA, S., NOGUCHI, K., & OHISHI, A. 1962 Dominance of main direction in the apparent transparency. Jap. psychol. Res., 4, 113-118.
NOGUCHI, K. 1971 Lightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1971 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K. 1972 Apparent transparency and lightness judgment with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1972 meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K., & MASUDA, N. 1971 Brightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination: A re-examination of Jameson and Hurvich's study of brightness constancy. Jap. psychol. Res., 13, 60-69.
OYAMA, T. 1961 Relation between figure-ground dominance and reversal-rate. Percept. mot. Skills, 13, 438.
OYAMA, T., & NAKAIIARA, J. 1960 The effects of lightness, hue and area upon the apparent transparency. Jap. J. Psychol., 31, 35-48 (In Japanese with English summary).
TUDOR-HART, B. 1928 Studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 10, 255-298.

Right : FLOCK, H. R. 1971 Toward a theory of brightness contrast. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation-level theory: A symposium. New York: Academic. pp.129-146.
FLCHS, W. 1923 Experimentelle Untersuchungenüber das simultane Hintcreinandcrsehen auf derselben Sehrichtung. Z. Psychol, 91, 145-235.
For an English summary of this article, see the following volume: W. D. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of Gestalt psychology. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul, 1938, Pp.89-94.
HEIDER, G. M. 1933 New studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 17, 13-55.
KANIZSA, G. 1966 Die Erscheinungsweisen der Farben. In W. Metzger (Ed.), Allgemeine Psychologie. I. Der Aufbau des Erkennens. 1. Halbband: Wahrnehmung und Bewusstsein. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie, Hogrefe. pp.161-191.
KOFFKA, K. 1935 Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt. Pp.260-264.
KOZAKI, T. 1969 The role of background lightness in the apparent transparency. Paper read at the 1969 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
METELLI, F. 1967 Zur Analyse der phänomenalen Durchsiclitigkeitserselieinungen. In R. Muhlhcr&J. Fischl (Eds.), Gestalt und wirklichkeit, Festgabe far Ferdinand Weinhand. Berlin: Duncker&Humboldt. pp.285-304.
METELLI, F. 1970 An algebraic development of the theory of perceptual transparency. Ergonomics, 13, 59-66.
METZGER, W. 1953 Gesetse des Sehens. Frankfurt a. AI.: Kramer. pp.127-131.
MORINAGA, S. 1950 A study on apparent transparency. Paper read at the I950 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
MORINAGA, S. 1952 The law of similarity and the organization of visual field. In M. Sagara (Ed.), Chiwa Sensei Kanreki Ki-nen Ronbunshu. University of Tokyo. pp.9-15 (In Japanese).
MORINAGA, S., NOGUCHI, K., &Osstsm, A. 1962 Dominance of main direction in the apparent transparency. Jap. psychol. Res., 4, 113-118.
NOGUCHI, K. 1971 Lightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1971 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K. 1972 Apparent transparency and lightness judgment with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1972 meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K., &MASUUA, N. 1971 Brightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination: A reexamination of Jameson and Hurvich's study of brightness constancy. Jap. psychol. Res., 13, 60-69.
OYAMA, T. 1961 Relation between figure-ground dominance and reversal-rate. Percept. mot. Skills, 13, 438.
OYAMA, T., & NAKAMARA, J. 1960 The effects of lightness, hue and area upon the apparent transparency. Jap. J. Psychol., 31, 35-48 (In Japanese with English summary).
TUDOR-HART, B. 1928 Studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 10, 255-298.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : FLOCK, H. R. 1971 Toward a theory of brightness contrast. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation-level theory: A symposium. New York: Academic. pp.129-146.
FLCHS, W. 1923 Experimentelle Untersuchungenüber das simultane Hintcreinandcrsehen auf derselben Sehrichtung. Z. Psychol, 91, 145-235.
For an English summary of this article, see the following volume: W. D. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of Gestalt psychology. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul, 1938, Pp.89-94.
HEIDER, G. M. 1933 New studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 17, 13-55.
KANIZSA, G. 1966 Die Erscheinungsweisen der Farben. In W. Metzger (Ed.), Allgemeine Psychologie. I. Der Aufbau des Erkennens. 1. Halbband: Wahrnehmung und Bewusstsein. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie, Hogrefe. pp.161-191.
KOFFKA, K. 1935 Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt. Pp.260-264.
KOZAKI, T. 1969 The role of background lightness in the apparent transparency. Paper read at the 1969 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
METELLI, F. 1967 Zur Analyse der phänomenalen Durchsiclitigkeitserselieinungen. In R. Muhlhcr&J. Fischl (Eds.), Gestalt und wirklichkeit, Festgabe far Ferdinand Weinhand. Berlin: Duncker&Humboldt. pp.285-304.
METELLI, F. 1970 An algebraic development of the theory of perceptual transparency. Ergonomics, 13, 59-66.
METZGER, W. 1953 Gesetse des Sehens. Frankfurt a. AI.: Kramer. pp.127-131.
MORINAGA, S. 1950 A study on apparent transparency. Paper read at the I950 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
MORINAGA, S. 1952 The law of similarity and the organization of visual field. In M. Sagara (Ed.), Chiwa Sensei Kanreki Ki-nen Ronbunshu. University of Tokyo. pp.9-15 (In Japanese).
MORINAGA, S., NOGUCHI, K., &Osstsm, A. 1962 Dominance of main direction in the apparent transparency. Jap. psychol. Res., 4, 113-118.
NOGUCHI, K. 1971 Lightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1971 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K. 1972 Apparent transparency and lightness judgment with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1972 meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K., &MASUUA, N. 1971 Brightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination: A reexamination of Jameson and Hurvich's study of brightness constancy. Jap. psychol. Res., 13, 60-69.
OYAMA, T. 1961 Relation between figure-ground dominance and reversal-rate. Percept. mot. Skills, 13, 438.
OYAMA, T., & NAKAMARA, J. 1960 The effects of lightness, hue and area upon the apparent transparency. Jap. J. Psychol., 31, 35-48 (In Japanese with English summary).
TUDOR-HART, B. 1928 Studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 10, 255-298.

Right : FLOCK, H. R. 1971 Toward a theory of brightness contrast. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation-level theory: A symposium. New York: Academic. Pp. 129-146.
FUCHS, W. 1923 Experimentelle Untersuchungen über das simultane Hintcreinandcrsehen auf derselben Sehrichtung. Z. Psychol, 91, 145-235.(For an English summary of this article, see the following volume: W. D. Ellis (Ed.), A source book of Gestalt psychology. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul, 1938, Pp. 89-94.)
HEIDER, G. M. 1933 New studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 17, 13-55.
KANIZSA, G. 1966 Die Erscheinungsweisen der Farben. In W. Metzger (Ed.), Allgemeine Psychologie. I. Der Aufbau des Erkennens. 1. Halbband: Wahrnehmung und Bewusstsein. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie, Hogrefe. Pp.161-191.
KOFFKA, K. 1935 Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt. Pp. 260-264.
KOZAKI, T. 1969 The role of background lightness in the apparent transparency. Paper read at the 1969 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
METELLI, F. 1967 Zur Analyse der phänomenalen Durchsichtigkeitserscheinungen. In R. Mühlher & J. Fischl (Eds.), Gestalt und wirklichkeit, Festgabe für Ferdinand Weinhand. Berlin: Duncker & Humboldt. Pp. 285-304.
METELLI, F. 1970 An algebraic development of the theory of perceptual transparency. Ergonomics, 13, 59-66.
METZGER, W. 1953 Gesetze des Sehens. Frankfurt a. M.: Kramer. Pp. 127-131.
MORINAGA, S. 1950 A study on apparent transparency. Paper read at the I950 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
MORINAGA, S. 1952 The law of similarity and the organization of visual field. In M. Sagara (Ed.), Chiwa Sensei Kanreki Ki-nen Ronbunshu. University of Tokyo. Pp. 9-15 (In Japanese).
MORINAGA, S., NOGUCHI, K., & OHISHI, A. 1962 Dominance of main direction in the apparent transparency. Jap. psychol. Res., 4, 113-118.
NOGUCHI, K. 1971 Lightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1971 meetings of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K. 1972 Apparent transparency and lightness judgment with changing illumination. Paper read at the 1972 meeting of the Japanese Psychological Association.
NOGUCHI, K., & MASUDA, N. 1971 Brightness changes in a complex field with changing illumination: A re-examination of Jameson and Hurvich's study of brightness constancy. Jap. psychol. Res., 13, 60-69.
OYAMA, T. 1961 Relation between figure-ground dominance and reversal-rate. Percept. mot. Skills, 13, 438.
OYAMA, T., & NAKAHARA, J. 1960 The effects of lightness, hue and area upon the apparent transparency. Jap. J. Psychol., 31, 35-48 (In Japanese with English summary).
TUDOR-HART, B. 1928 Studies in transparency, form and colour. Psychol. Forsch., 10, 255-298.

Abstract

A configuration looking like a cross of a black rectangle and a white rectangle on a mid-gray background was uniformly illuminated. Illuminance was varied over 2.4 log units in five steps. Each of 10 Ss was asked to judge which one, the black or the white, looked transparent or in front. The percent of “white” judgments generally increased as illuminance was increased. The effect was most marked when the central overlapping area had an intermediate lightness. The findings of this experiment demonstrated that apparent transparency obeyed the law of similarity of a critical area and its neighboring areas, Illuminance was interpreted as one of the most important factors determining the degree of mutual similarity.

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