EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PERCEPTION OF DENSITY AND CROWDING

OSAMU IWATA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.16.117

OSAMU IWATA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1974 Volume 16 Issue 3 Pages 117-125

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.16.117

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Published: September 10, 1974 Received: August 01, 1974 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : 192 students who were enrolled in introductory psychology courses served as Ss. They participated in an experiment for 1 of 3 density conditions. This study was a Ethnicity (Japanese-Americans, Caucasians)×Sex (male, female)×Density (low, medium, high) factorial design. Each cell had 16 Ss. 3 (low), 5 or 6 (medium), or 8 (high) people were confined in a small room for 8 min. They had to stand with their back to the wall and were not allowed to move around or talk. After the confinement, they checked their subjective feelings on 12 seven-point scales of pairs of bipolar adjectives which they experienced during their confinement. Half of the scales were measures of perceived density and the other half was concerned with perceived crowding. Findings showed that the higher density produces higher perceived density and crowding. Japanese were more sensitive to crowding than Caucasians. Japanese males were more sensitive to crowding than females of the same ancestry while there was no obvious sex difference among Caucasian population.
Right : 192 students who were enrolled in introductory psychology courses served as Ss. They participated in an experiment for 1 of 3 density conditions. This study was a Ethnicity (Japanese-Americans, Caucasians)× Sex (male, female)× Density (low, medium, high) factorial design. Each cell had 16 Ss. 3 (low), 5 or 6 (medium), or 8 (high) people were confined in a small room for 8 min. They had to stand with their back to the wall and were not allowed to move around or talk. After the confinement, they checked their subjective feelings on 12 seven-point scales of pairs of bipolar adjectives which they experienced during their confinement. Half of the scales were measures of perceived density and the other half was concerned with perceived crowding. Findings showed that the higher density produces higher perceived density and crowding. Japanese were more sensitive to crowding than Caucasians. Japanese males were more sensitive to crowding than females of the same ancestry while there was no obvious sex difference among Caucasian population.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BATES, B. C. 1971 Effects of social density on the behavior of nursery school children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 32 (1-B), 537.
BAXTER, J. C. & DEANOVICH, B. F. 1970 Anxiety arousing effects of inappropriate crowding. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 174-178.
DESOR, J. A. 1972 Toward a psychological theory of crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 79-83.
FREEDMAN, J. L. 1973 The effects of population density on humans. In J. T. Fawcett (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on population. New York: Basic Books.
FREEDMAN, J. L., LEVY, A. S., BUCHANAN, R. W., & PRICE, J. 1972 Crowding and human aggressiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 528-548.
HECOCK, R. D. 1970 Recreation behavior patterns as related to site characteristics of beaches. Journal of Leisures Research, 2, 237-250.
KUTNER, D. H. Jr. 1973 Overcrowding: human responses to density and visual exposure. Human Relations, 26, 31-50.
LINDQUIST, E. F. 1953 Design and analysis of experiments in psychology and education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Loo, C. M. 1972 The effects of spatial density on the social behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 372-381.
Marshall, N.J. 1972 Privacy and environment. Human Ecology, 1, 93-110.
MEREDITH, G. M. 1969 Acculturation and personality among Japanese-American college students in Hawaii. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Hawaii.
Roos, M., LAYTON, B., ERIKSON, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Affect, facial regard, and reactions to crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 69-76.
SMITH, S. & HAYTHORN, W. W. 1972 Effects of compatibility, crowding, group size, and leadership seniority on stress, anxiety, hostility, and annoyance in isolated groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 67-79.
SOMMER, R. & BECKER, F. D. 1971 Room density and user satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 3, 412-417.
STOKOLS, D. 1972a A socio-psychological model of human crowding phenomena. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 38, 72-83.
STOKOLS, D. 1972b On the definition between density and crowding: some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 79, 275-277.
STOKOLS, D., RALL, M., PINNER, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Physical, social, and personal determinants of the perception of crowding. Environment and Behavior, 5, 87-115.
ZLUTNICK, S. & ALTMAN, I. 1972 Crowding and human behavior. In J. F. Wohlwill & D. H. Carson (Eds.), Environment and the social sciences: perspectives and applications. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

Right : BATES, B. C. 1971 Effects of social density on the behavior of nursery school children. Dissertation Abstracts Internotional, 32 (1-B), 537.
BAXTER, J. C. & DEANOVICH, B. F. 1970 Anxiety arousing effects of inappropriate crowding. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 174-178.
DESOR, J. A. 1972 Toward a psychological theory of crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 79-83.
FREEDMAN, J. L. 1973 The effects of population density on humans. In J. T. Fawcett (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on population. New York: Basic Books.
FREEDMAN, J. L., LEVY, A. S., BUCHANAN, R. W., & PRICE, J. 1972 Crowding and human aggressiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 528-548.
HECOCK. R. D. 1970 Recreation behavior patterns as related to site characteristics of beaches. Journal of Leisures Research, 2, 237-250.
KUTNER, D. H. Jr. 1973 Overcrowding: human responses to density and visual exposure. Human Relations, 26, 31-50.
LINTDQUIST, E. F. 1953 Design and analysis of experiments in psychology and education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
LOO, C. M. 1972 The effects of spatial density on the social behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 372-381.
Marshall, N. J. 1972 Privacy and environment. Human Ecology, 1, 93-110.
MEREDITH, G. M. 1969 Acculturation and personality among Japanese-American college students in Hawaii. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Hawaii.
ROOS, M., LAYTON, B., ERIKSON, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Affect, facial regard, and reactions to crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 69-76.
SMITH, S. & HAYTHORN, W. W. 1972 Effects of compatibility, crowding, group size, and leadership seniority on stress, anxiety, hostility, and annoyance in isolated groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 67-79.
SOMMER, R. & BECKER, F. D. 1971 Room density and user satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 3, 412-417.
STOKOLS, D. 1972a A socio-psychological model of human crowding phenomena. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 38, 72-83.
STOKOLS, D. 1972b On the definition between density and crowding: some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 79, 275-277.
STOKOLS, D., RALL, M., PINNER, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Physical, social, and personal determinants of the perception of crowding. Environment and Behavior, 5, 87-115.
ZLUTNICK, S. & ALTMAN, I. 1972 Crowding and human behavior. In J. F. Wohlwill & D. H. Carson (Eds.), Environment and the social sciences: perspectives and applications. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: TITLE Details: [in Japanese]

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : 192 students who were enrolled in introductory psychology courses served as Ss. They participated in an experiment for 1 of 3 density conditions. This study was a Ethnicity (Japanese-Americans, Caucasians)× Sex (male, female)× Density (low, medium, high) factorial design. Each cell had 16 Ss. 3 (low), 5 or 6 (medium), or 8 (high) people were confined in a small room for 8 min. They had to stand with their back to the wall and were not allowed to move around or talk. After the confinement, they checked their subjective feelings on 12 seven-point scales of pairs of bipolar adjectives which they experienced during their confinement. Half of the scales were measures of perceived density and the other half was concerned with perceived crowding. Findings showed that the higher density produces higher perceived density and crowding. Japanese were more sensitive to crowding than Caucasians. Japanese males were more sensitive to crowding than females of the same ancestry while there was no obvious sex difference among Caucasian population.
Right : 192 students who were enrolled in introductory psychology courses served as Ss. They participated in an experiment for 1 of 3 density conditions. This study was a Ethnicity (Japanese-Americans, Caucasians)× Sex (male, female)× Density (low, medium, high) factorial design. Each cell had 16Ss. 3 (low), 5 or 6 (medium), or 8 (high) people were confined in a small room for 8 min. They had to stand with their back to the wall and were not allowed to move around or talk. After the confinement, they checked their subjective feelings on 12 seven-point scales of pairs of bipolar adjectives which they experienced during their confinement. Half of the scales were measures of perceived density and the other half was concerned with perceived crowding. Findings showed that the higher density produces higher perceived density and crowding. Japanese were more sensitive to crowding than Caucasians. Japanese males were more sensitive to crowding than females of the same ancestry while there was no obvious sex difference among Caucasian population.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BATES, B. C. 1971 Effects of social density on the behavior of nursery school children. Dissertation Abstracts Internotional, 32 (1-B), 537.
BAXTER, J. C. & DEANOVICH, B. F. 1970 Anxiety arousing effects of inappropriate crowding. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 174-178.
DESOR, J. A. 1972 Toward a psychological theory of crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 79-83.
FREEDMAN, J. L. 1973 The effects of population density on humans. In J. T. Fawcett (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on population. New York: Basic Books.
FREEDMAN, J. L., LEVY, A. S., BUCHANAN, R. W., & PRICE, J. 1972 Crowding and human aggressiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 528-548.
HECOCK. R. D. 1970 Recreation behavior patterns as related to site characteristics of beaches. Journal of Leisures Research, 2, 237-250.
KUTNER, D. H. Jr. 1973 Overcrowding: human responses to density and visual exposure. Human Relations, 26, 31-50.
LINTDQUIST, E. F. 1953 Design and analysis of experiments in psychology and education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
LOO, C. M. 1972 The effects of spatial density on the social behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 372-381.
Marshall, N. J. 1972 Privacy and environment. Human Ecology, 1, 93-110.
MEREDITH, G. M. 1969 Acculturation and personality among Japanese-American college students in Hawaii. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Hawaii.
ROOS, M., LAYTON, B., ERIKSON, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Affect, facial regard, and reactions to crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 69-76.
SMITH, S. & HAYTHORN, W. W. 1972 Effects of compatibility, crowding, group size, and leadership seniority on stress, anxiety, hostility, and annoyance in isolated groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 67-79.
SOMMER, R. & BECKER, F. D. 1971 Room density and user satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 3, 412-417.
STOKOLS, D. 1972a A socio-psychological model of human crowding phenomena. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 38, 72-83.
STOKOLS, D. 1972b On the definition between density and crowding: some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 79, 275-277.
STOKOLS, D., RALL, M., PINNER, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Physical, social, and personal determinants of the perception of crowding. Environment and Behavior, 5, 87-115.
ZLUTNICK, S. & ALTMAN, I. 1972 Crowding and human behavior. In J. F. Wohlwill & D. H. Carson (Eds.), Environment and the social sciences: perspectives and applications. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

Right : BATES, B. C. 1971 Effects of social density on the behavior of nursery school children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 32 (1-B), 537.
BAXTER, J. C. & DEANOVICH, B. F. 1970 Anxiety arousing effects of inappropriate crowding. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 174-178.
DESOR, J. A. 1972 Toward a psychological theory of crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 79-83.
FREEDMAN, J. L. 1973 The effects of population density on humans. In J. T. Fawcett (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on population. New York: Basic Books.
FREEDMAN, J. L., LEVY, A. S., BUCHANAN, R. W., & PRICE, J. 1972 Crowding and human aggressiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 528-548.
HECOCK. R. D. 1970 Recreation behavior patterns as related to site characteristics of beaches. Journal of Leisures Research, 2, 237-250.
KUTNER, D. H. Jr. 1973 Overcrowding: human responses to density and visual exposure. Human Relations, 26, 31-50.
LINDQUIST, E. F. 1953 Design and analysis of experiments in psychology and education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
LOO, C. M. 1972 The effects of spatial density on the social behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 372-381.
Marshall, N. J. 1972 Privacy and environment. Human Ecology, 1, 93-110.
MEREDITH, G. M. 1969 Acculturation and personality among Japanese-American college students in Hawaii. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Hawaii.
ROOS, M., LAYTON, B., ERIKSON, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Affect, facial regard, and reactions to crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 69-76.
SMITH, S. & HARRNORN, W. W. 1972 Effects of compatibility, crowding, group size, and leadership seniority on stress, anxiety, hostility, and annoyance in isolated groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 67-79.
SOMMER, R. & BECKER, F. D. 1971 Room density and user satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 3, 412-417.
STOKOLS, D. 1972a A socio-psychological model of human crowding phenomena. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 38, 72-83.
STOKOLS, D. 1972b On the definition between density and crowding: some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 79, 275-277.
STOKOLS, D., RALL, M., PINNER, B., & SCHOPLER, J. 1973 Physical, social, and personal determinants of the perception of crowding. Environment and Behavior, 5, 87-115.
ZLUTNICK, S. & ALTMAN, I. 1972 Crowding and human behavior. In J. F. Wohlwill & D. H. Carson (Eds.), Environment and the social sciences: perspectives and applications. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

Abstract

192 students who were enrolled in introductory psychology courses served as Ss. They participated in an experiment for 1 of 3 density conditions. This study was a Ethnicity (Japanese-Americans, Caucasians)× Sex (male, female)× Density (low, medium, high) factorial design. Each cell had 16Ss. 3 (low), 5 or 6 (medium), or 8 (high) people were confined in a small room for 8 min. They had to stand with their back to the wall and were not allowed to move around or talk. After the confinement, they checked their subjective feelings on 12 seven-point scales of pairs of bipolar adjectives which they experienced during their confinement. Half of the scales were measures of perceived density and the other half was concerned with perceived crowding. Findings showed that the higher density produces higher perceived density and crowding. Japanese were more sensitive to crowding than Caucasians. Japanese males were more sensitive to crowding than females of the same ancestry while there was no obvious sex difference among Caucasian population.

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