A COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT OPERANDA FOR SHAPING AND MAINTAINING AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN THE PIGEON

MASATO ITO

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.17.25

MASATO ITO

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1975 Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 25-32

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.17.25

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Published: May 30, 1975 Received: December 14, 1974 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : AZRIN, N. H. I959a Some notes on punishment and avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 260.
AZRIN, N. H. 1959b A technique for delivering shock to pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 161-163.
BOLLES, R. C. 1970 Species-specific defence reactions and learning. Psychological Review, 77, 32-47.
BOLLES, R. C. 1971 Species-specific defence reactions. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic press.
BROWN, P. L., & JENKINS, H. M. 1968 Autoshaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 1-8.
DINSMOOR, J. A. & SEARS, G. W. 1973 Control of avoidance by a response-produced stimulus. Learning and Motivation, 4, 284-293.
FERRARI, E. A., TODOROV, J. C., & GRAEFF, F. G. 1973 Nondiscriminated avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 211-218.
FERSTER, C. B. 1953 The use of the free operant in the analysis of behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 263-274.
FERSTER, C. B., & SKINNER, B. F. 1957 Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Cen-tury-Crofts.
FOREE, D. D., & LOLORDO, V. M. 1970 Signaled and unsignaled free-operant avoidance in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 283-290.
HINELINE, P. N. 1970 Negative reinforcement without shock reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 14, 259-268.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969a Escape and avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 533-538.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969b Notes on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval escape responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 397-401.
HOFFMAN, H. S., & FLESTILER, M. 1959 Aversive control with the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 213-218.
HURSH, S. R., NAVARICK, D. J., & FANTINO, E. 1974 “Automaintenance ”: the role of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 117-124.
ITO, M. 1973 Avoidance responding under three different avoidance schedules in the pigeon. Paper read at the 37th annual meeting of Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo (In Japanese).
ITO, M., & OGAWA, T. 1972 Avoidance conditioning in the pigeon. Paper read at the 32th annual meeting of Society for Animal Psychology, Tokyo (In Japanese).
KLEIN, M., & RILLINC, M. 1972 Effects of response-shock interval and shock intensity on free-operant avoidance responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 295-303.
MACPHAIL, E. M. 1968 Avoidance responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 629-632.
RACHLIN, H. 1969 Autoshaping of key pecking in pigeons with negative reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analaysis of Behavior, 12, 521-531.
RACHLIN, H., & HINELINE, P. N. 1967 Training and maintenance of key pecking in the pigeon by negative reinforcement. Science, 157, 954-955.
ROSSI, R., & RILLING, M. 1971 Effects of shock frequency reduction on avoidance responding in the pigeon. Psychonomic Science, 25, 267-268.
SIDMAN, M. 1953 Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science, 118, 157-158.
SIDMAN, M. 1966 Avoidance behavior. In W. K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application. New York: Appleton-Cen-tury-Crofts.
SMITH, R. F., & KELLER, F. R. 1970 Free-operant avoidance in the pigeon using a treadle response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 211-214.
WILLIAMS, D. R., & WILLIAMS, H. 1969 Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 511-520.

Right : AZRIN, N. H. I959a Some notes on punishment and avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 260.
AZRIN, N. H. I959b A technique for delivering shock to pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 161-163.
BOLLES, R. C.1970 Species-specific defence reactions and learning. Psychological Review, 77, 32-47.
BOLLES, R. C. 1971 Species-specific defence reactions. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic press.
BROWN, P. L., & JENKINS, H. M. 1968 Autoshaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 1-8.
DINSMOOR, J. A. & SEARS, G. W. 1973 Control of avoidance by a response-produced stimulus. Learning and Motivation, 4, 284-293.
FERRARI, E. A., TODOROV, J. C., & GRAEFF, F. G. 1973 Nondiscriminated avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 211-218.
FERSTER, C. B. 1953 The use of the free operant in the analysis of behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 263-274.
FERSTER, C. B., & SKINNER, B. F.1957 Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Cent ury-Crofts.
FOREE, D. D., & LOLORDO, V. M.1970 Signaled and unsignaled free-operant avoidance in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 283-290.
HINELINE, P. N. 1970 Negative reinforcement without shock reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 14, 259-268.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969a Escape and avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 533-538.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969b Notes on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval escapc responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 397-401.
HOFFMAN, H. S., & FLESHLER, M. 1959 Aversive control with the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 213-218.
HURSH, S. R., NAVARICK, D. J., & FANTINO, E. 1974 “Automaintenance”: the role of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 117-124.
ITO, M. 1973 Avoidance responding under three different avoidance schedules in the pigeon. Paper read at the 37th annual meeting of Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo (In Japanese).
ITO, M., & OGAWA, T. 1972 Avoidance conditioning in the pigeon. Paper read at the 32th annual meeting of Society for Animal Psychology, Tokyo (In Japanese).
KLEIN, M., & RILL/NC, M. 1972 Effects of response-shock interval and shock intensity on free-operant avoidance responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 295-303.
MACPHAIL, E. M. 1968 Avoidance responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 629-632.
RACHLIN, H. 1969 Autoshaping of key pecking in pigeons with negative reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analaysis of Behavior, 12, 521-531.
RACHLIN, H., & HINELINE, P. N. 1967 Training and maintenance of key pecking in the pigeon by negative reinforcement. Science, 157, 954-955.
ROSSI, R., & RILLINC, M. 1971 Effects of shock frequency reduction on avoidance responding in the pigeon. Psychonomic Science, 25, 267-268.
SIDMAN, M. 1953 Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science, 118, 157-158.
SIDMAN, M. 1966 Avoidance behavior. In W. K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
SMITH, R. F., & KELLER, F. R. 1970 Freeoperant avoidance in the pigeon using a treadle response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 211-214.
WILLIAMS, D. R., & WILLIAMS, H. 1969 Automaintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 511-520.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : AZRIN, N. H. I959a Some notes on punishment and avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 260.
AZRIN, N. H. I959b A technique for delivering shock to pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 161-163.
BOLLES, R. C.1970 Species-specific defence reactions and learning. Psychological Review, 77, 32-47.
BOLLES, R. C. 1971 Species-specific defence reactions. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic press.
BROWN, P. L., & JENKINS, H. M. 1968 Autoshaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 1-8.
DINSMOOR, J. A. & SEARS, G. W. 1973 Control of avoidance by a response-produced stimulus. Learning and Motivation, 4, 284-293.
FERRARI, E. A., TODOROV, J. C., & GRAEFF, F. G. 1973 Nondiscriminated avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 211-218.
FERSTER, C. B. 1953 The use of the free operant in the analysis of behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 263-274.
FERSTER, C. B., & SKINNER, B. F.1957 Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Cent ury-Crofts.
FOREE, D. D., & LOLORDO, V. M.1970 Signaled and unsignaled free-operant avoidance in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 283-290.
HINELINE, P. N. 1970 Negative reinforcement without shock reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 14, 259-268.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969a Escape and avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 533-538.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969b Notes on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval escapc responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 397-401.
HOFFMAN, H. S., & FLESHLER, M. 1959 Aversive control with the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 213-218.
HURSH, S. R., NAVARICK, D. J., & FANTINO, E. 1974 “Automaintenance”: the role of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 117-124.
ITO, M. 1973 Avoidance responding under three different avoidance schedules in the pigeon. Paper read at the 37th annual meeting of Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo (In Japanese).
ITO, M., & OGAWA, T. 1972 Avoidance conditioning in the pigeon. Paper read at the 32th annual meeting of Society for Animal Psychology, Tokyo (In Japanese).
KLEIN, M., & RILL/NC, M. 1972 Effects of response-shock interval and shock intensity on free-operant avoidance responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 295-303.
MACPHAIL, E. M. 1968 Avoidance responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 629-632.
RACHLIN, H. 1969 Autoshaping of key pecking in pigeons with negative reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analaysis of Behavior, 12, 521-531.
RACHLIN, H., & HINELINE, P. N. 1967 Training and maintenance of key pecking in the pigeon by negative reinforcement. Science, 157, 954-955.
ROSSI, R., & RILLINC, M. 1971 Effects of shock frequency reduction on avoidance responding in the pigeon. Psychonomic Science, 25, 267-268.
SIDMAN, M. 1953 Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science, 118, 157-158.
SIDMAN, M. 1966 Avoidance behavior. In W. K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
SMITH, R. F., & KELLER, F. R. 1970 Freeoperant avoidance in the pigeon using a treadle response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 211-214.
WILLIAMS, D. R., & WILLIAMS, H. 1969 Automaintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 511-520.

Right : AZRIN, N. H. 1959a Some notes on punishment and avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 260.
AZRIN, N. H. 1959b A technique for delivering shock to pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 161-163.
BOLLES, R. C. 1970 Species-specific defence reactions and learning. Psychological Review, 77, 32-47.
BOLLES, R. C. 1971 Species-specific defence reactions. In F. R. Brush (Ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York: Academic press.
BROWN, P. L., & JENKINS, H. M. 1968 Autoshaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 1-8.
DINSMOOR, J. A. & SEARS, G. W. 1973 Control of avoidance by a response-produced stimulus. Learning and Motivation, 4, 284-293.
FERRARI, E. A., TODOROV, J. C., & GRAEFF, F. G. 1973 Nondiscriminated avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 211-218.
FERSTER, C. B. 1953 The use of the free operant in the analysis of behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 263-274.
FERSTER, C. B., & SKINNER, B. F. 1957 Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
FOREE, D. D., & LOLORDO, V. M. 1970 Signaled and unsignaled free-operant avoidance in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 283-290.
HINELINE, P. N. 1970 Negative reinforcement without shock reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 14, 259-268.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969a Escape and avoidance of shock by pigeons pecking a key. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 533-538.
HINELINE, P. N., & RACHLIN, H. 1969b Notes on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval escape responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 397-401.
HOFFMAN, H. S., & FLESHLER, M. 1959 Aversive control with the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 213-218.
HURSH, S. R., NAVARICK, D. J., & FANTINO, E. 1974 “Automaintenance”: the role of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21, 117-124.
ITO, M. 1973 Avoidance responding under three different avoidance schedules in the pigeon. Paper read at the 37th annual meeting of Japanese Psychological Association, Tokyo (In Japanese).
ITO, M., & OGAWA, T. 1972 Avoidance conditioning in the pigeon. Paper read at the 32th annual meeting of Society for Animal Psychology, Tokyo (In Japanese).
KLEIN, M., & RILLING, M. 1972 Effects of response-shock interval and shock intensity on free-operant avoidance responding in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 295-303.
MACPHAIL, E. M. 1968 Avoidance responding in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 629-632.
RACHLIN, H. 1969 Autoshaping of key pecking in pigeons with negative reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analaysis of Behavior, 12, 521-531.
RACHLIN, H., & HINELINE, P. N. 1967 Training and maintenance of key pecking in the pigeon by negative reinforcement. Science, 157, 954-955.
ROSSI, R., & RILLING, M. 1971 Effects of shock frequency reduction on avoidance responding in the pigeon. Psychonomic Science, 25, 267-268.
SIDMAN, M. 1953 Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science, 118, 157-158.
SIDMAN, M. 1966 Avoidance behavior. In W. K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of research and application. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
SMITH, R. F., & KELLER, F. R. 1970 Freeoperant avoidance in the pigeon using a treadle response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, 211-214.
WILLIAMS, D. R., & WILLIAMS, H. 1969 Automaintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 511-520.

Abstract

The effectiveness of a treadle and a key as operanda in shaping and maintaining avoidance responding under a free operant situation was examined in pigeons. Pigeons were trained to press a treadle, to press a key, or to do both according to the prescribed order. The within-subjects comparison showed that the treadle pressing response was more easily shaped and maintained than the key pressing response. Also the key pressing response observed in the present study was different from the pigeon's key pecking behavior typically observed in the experiments with positive reinforcement.

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