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FEATURES OF RECOGNITION TASKS IN ENCODING SPECIFICITY
THE FUNCTION OF CONTEXT IN RECOGNITION TASKS
JOURNAL
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1978 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages 93-100
Details
- Published: September 30, 1978 Received: March 03, 1978 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : The prewent experiment was carried out to examine whether the type of context in recognition tasks in fluenced memory processes in recall and recognition. After the practice list had been studied, subjects were given 24 critical test list word pairs. Following the free associates task or the non-verbal task, they received forced-choice recognition tasks, and then they were tested with 24 words by cued recall. Recognition failure of recallable words and recall superiority over recognition were observed in the different context condition under the free associates task, while they were reduced under other conditions. The results were explained from the inter-task interference position rather than the principle of encoding specificity.
Right : The present experiment was carried out to examine whether the type of context in recognition tasks influenced memory processes in recall and recognition. After the practice list had been studied, subjects were given 24 critical test list word pairs. Following the free associates task or the non-verbal task, they received forced-choice recognition tasks, and then they were tested with 24 words by cued recall. Recognition failure of recallable words and recall superiority over recognition were observed in the different context condition under the free associates task, while they were reduced under other conditions. The results were explained from the inter-task interference position rather than the principle of encoding specificity.
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : ANDERSON, J. R., & BOWER, G. H. 1972 Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79, 97-123.
BROWN, J. (Ed.) 1976 Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons.
KSNTSCH, W. 1970 Models for free recall and recognition. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 331-373.
MARTIN, E. 1975 Generation-recognition theory and the encoding specificity principle. Psychological Review, 82, 150-153.
POSTMAN, L. 1975 Tests of the generality of the principle of encoding specificity. Memory & Cognition, 3, 663-672.
REDER, L. M., ANDERSON, J. R., & BIORK, R. A. 1974 A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 648-654.
SANTA, J. L., & LAMWERS, L. L. 1974 Encoding specificity: Fact or artifact. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 13, 412-423.
TAJIKA, H. 1977 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: Types of frequency associates in extralist cue words and types of recognition tasks. Psychologia, 20, 151-158.
TAJIKA, H. 1978 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: The function of free associates tasks and non-verbal tasks. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 48, 344-347. (In Japanese with English summary).
TULVING, E. 1974 Recall and recognition of semantically encoded words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 778-787.
TULVING, E. 1976 Ecphoric processes in recall and recognition. In J. Brown (Ed,), Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons. Pp. 37-73.
TULVING, E., & THOMSON, D. M. 1973 Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
TULVING, E., & WATKINS, 0. C. 1977 Recognition failure of words with a single meaning. Memory & Cognition, 5, 513-522.
UMEMOTO, T. 1969 An association norm. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. (In Japanese).
WATKINS, M.J., & TULVING, E. 1975 Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 5-29.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVING, E. 1975 A test of con- fusion theory of encoding specificity. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 14, 370- 381.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVING, E. 1976 Encoding specificity: Relation between recall superiority and recognition failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 2, 349-361.
Right : ANDERSON, J. R., & BOWER, G. H. 1972 Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79, 97-123.
BROWN, J.(Ed.) 1976 Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons.
KINTSCH, W. 1970 Models for free recall and recognition. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory. New York: Academic Press. Pp.331-373.
MARTIN, E. 1975 Generation-recognition theory and the encoding specificity principle. Psychological Review, 82, 150-153.
POSTMAN, L. 1975 Tests of the generality of the principle of encoding specificity. Memory Cognition, 3, 663-672.
REDER, L. M., ANDERSON, J. R., & BIORK, R. A. 1974 A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 648-654.
SANTA, J. L., & LAMWERS, L. L. 1974 Encoding specificity: Fact or artifact. Journal of Verbal Learning Verbal Behavior, 13, 412-423.
TAJIKA, H. 1977 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: Types of frequency associates in extralist cue words and types of recognition tasks. Psychologia, 20, 151-158.
TAJIKA, H. 1978 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: The function of free associates tasks and non-verbal tasks. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 48, 344-347.(In Japanese with English summary).
TULVING, E. 1974 Recall and recognition of semantically encoded words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 778-787.
TULVING, E. 1976 Ecphoric processes in recall and recognition. In J. Brown (Ed.), Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons. Pp.37-73.
TULVING, E., & THOMSON, D. M. 1973 Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
TULVING, E., & WATKINS, O. C. 1977 Recognition failure of words with a single meaning. Memory Cognition, 5, 513-522.
UMEMOTO, T. 1969 An association norm. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.(In Japanese).
WATKINS, M. J., & TULVING, E. 1975 Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 5-29.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVING, E. 1975 A test of confusion theory of encoding specificity. Journal of Verbal Learning Verbal Behavior, 14, 370-381.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVLNG, E. 1976 Encoding specificity: Relation between recall superiority and recognition failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning Memory, 2, 349-361.
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : ANDERSON, J. R., & BOWER, G. H. 1972 Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79, 97-123.
BROWN, J.(Ed.) 1976 Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons.
KINTSCH, W. 1970 Models for free recall and recognition. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory. New York: Academic Press. Pp.331-373.
MARTIN, E. 1975 Generation-recognition theory and the encoding specificity principle. Psychological Review, 82, 150-153.
POSTMAN, L. 1975 Tests of the generality of the principle of encoding specificity. Memory Cognition, 3, 663-672.
REDER, L. M., ANDERSON, J. R., & BIORK, R. A. 1974 A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 648-654.
SANTA, J. L., & LAMWERS, L. L. 1974 Encoding specificity: Fact or artifact. Journal of Verbal Learning Verbal Behavior, 13, 412-423.
TAJIKA, H. 1977 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: Types of frequency associates in extralist cue words and types of recognition tasks. Psychologia, 20, 151-158.
TAJIKA, H. 1978 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: The function of free associates tasks and non-verbal tasks. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 48, 344-347.(In Japanese with English summary).
TULVING, E. 1974 Recall and recognition of semantically encoded words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 778-787.
TULVING, E. 1976 Ecphoric processes in recall and recognition. In J. Brown (Ed.), Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons. Pp.37-73.
TULVING, E., & THOMSON, D. M. 1973 Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
TULVING, E., & WATKINS, O. C. 1977 Recognition failure of words with a single meaning. Memory Cognition, 5, 513-522.
UMEMOTO, T. 1969 An association norm. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.(In Japanese).
WATKINS, M. J., & TULVING, E. 1975 Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 5-29.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVING, E. 1975 A test of confusion theory of encoding specificity. Journal of Verbal Learning Verbal Behavior, 14, 370-381.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVLNG, E. 1976 Encoding specificity: Relation between recall superiority and recognition failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning Memory, 2, 349-361.
Right : ANDERSON, J. R., & BOWER, G. H. 1972 Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79, 97-123.
BROWN, J.(Ed.) 1976 Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons.
KINTSCH, W. 1970 Models for free recall and recognition. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory. New York: Academic Press. Pp.331-373.
MARTIN, E. 1975 Generation-recognition theory and the encoding specificity principle. Psychological Review, 82, 150-153.
POSTMAN, L. 1975 Tests of the generality of the principle of encoding specificity. Memory & Cognition, 3, 663-672.
REDER, L. M., ANDERSON, J. R., & BJORK, R. A. 1974 A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 648-654.
SANTA, J. L., & LAMWERS, L. L. 1974 Encoding specificity: Fact or artifact. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 13, 412-423.
TAJIKA, H. 1977 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: Types of frequency associates in extralist cue words and types of recognition tasks. Psychologia, 20, 151-158.
TAJIKA, H. 1978 Features of recognition tasks in encoding specificity: The function of free associates tasks and non-verbal tasks. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 48, 344-347.(In Japanese with English summary).
TULVING, E. 1974 Recall and recognition of semantically encoded words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 778-787.
TULVING, E. 1976 Ecphoric processes in recall and recognition. In J. Brown (Ed.), Recall and recognition. London: John Wiley & Sons. Pp.37-73.
TULVING, E., & THOMSON, D. M. 1973 Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
TULVING, E., & WATKINS, O. C. 1977 Recognition failure of words with a single meaning. Memory & Cognition, 5, 513-522.
UMEMOTO, T. 1969 An association norm. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.(In Japanese).
WATKINS, M. J., & TULVING, E. 1975 Episodic memory: When recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 5-29.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVING, E. 1975 A test of confusion theory of encoding specificity. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 14, 370-381.
WISEMAN, S., & TULVING, E. 1976 Encoding specificity: Relation between recall superiority and recognition failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 2, 349-361.
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