THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN OBJECTIVE METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN

MICHAEL G. JOOST; GAVRIEL SALVENDY

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.21.18

MICHAEL G. JOOST, GAVRIEL SALVENDY

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1979 Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 18-28

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.21.18

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Published: June 30, 1979 Received: August 21, 1978 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : It has been estimated that about 10% of all boys aged six to twelve years are hyperactive. Often, hyperactivity is associated with learning disabilities. Despite the apparent magnitude of this problem, no valid objective and reliable measures are available to quantify hyperactivity in children, This study discusses how objective measures, using sinus arrhythmia and force platform scores were developed and validated on 30 boys (15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive) aged seven to twelve years. The results indicate that, when the above objective measures were used, 77% of all subjects were classified into their correct groups.
Right : It has been estimated that about 10% of all boys aged six to twelve years are hyperactive. Often, hyperactivity is associated with learning disabilities. Despite the apparent magnitude of this problem, no valid objective and reliable measures are available to quantify hyperactivity in children. This study discusses how objective measures, using sinus arrhythmia and force platform scores were developed and validated on 30 boys (15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive) aged seven to twelve years. The results indicate that, when the above objective measures were used, 77% of all subjects were classified into their correct groups.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : AMENT, A. 1976 Letter: The learning-disabled or hyperactive child. journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1552-1553.
ARNOLD, L. E. 1973 Is this label necessary? Journal of School Health, 43, 510-514.
BARANY, J. W. 1963 The nature of individual differences in bodily forces exerted during a simple motor task. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 332-341.
BOYCE, P. R. 1974 Sinus arrhythmia as a meas- ure of mental load. Ergonomics, 17, 177-183.
BROUHA, L. 1967 Physiology in industry. 2nd ed. London: Pergamon Press.
CLEMENTS, S. D. 1966 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. NINDS Monograph No. 3. U. S. Public Health Service, Publication No. 1415.
CONNORS, C. K. 1970 Symptom patterns in hyperkinetic, neurotic, and normal children. Child Development, 41, 667-682.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 2, 15-17, 19, 23, 26-68.
DUNCAN, M. C. 1973 Minimal brain dysfunction: Differential diagnosis in the office. Medical Opinion, July 67-70.
FEINGOLD, B. F. 1975 Hyperkincsis and learning disabilities linked to artificial food flavors and colors. American Journal of Nursing, 75, 797-803.
FIRTH, P. A. 1973 Psychological factors influencing the relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and mental load. Ergonomics, 16, 5-16.
GREENE, J. H., & MORRIS, W. H. M. 1959 The design of a force-platform for work measurement. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10, 312-317.
ITO, K., & SCHULL, W. J. 1964 On the robustness of the T₀² test in multivariate analysis of variance when variance-covariance matrices are not equal. Biometrika, 51, 71-82.
JOOST, M. G. 1976 Quantifying hyperactivity in children. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University. (Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 837B.)
KALSBEEK, J. W. H. 1973 Do you believe in Sinus arrhythmia? Ergonomics, 16, 99-104.
KALSBEEK, J.W.H., & ETTEMA, H. H. 1963 Scored regularity of the heart rate pattern and the measurement of perceptual load. Ergonomics, 6, 5-16.
KEOGH, B. K. 1971 Hyperactivity and learning disorders: Review and speculation. Exceptional Children, 38, 101-109.
MULDER, G., & MULDER-HAJONIDES VAN DER MEULEN, W. R. E. H. 1973 Mental load and the measurement of heart rate variability. Ergonomics, 16, 69-83.
NIE, N. H., HULL, C. H., JENKINS, J. G., STEINBRENNER, K., & BRENT, D. H. 1975 Statistical package for the social sciences. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
O'MALLEY, J. E., & EISENBERG, L. 1973 The hyperkinetic syndrome. In S. Walzer & P. H. Wolff (Eds.), Minimal cerebral dysfunction in children. New York: Grune and Stratton.
PAYNE, A. H., SLATER, W.J., & TELFORD, T. 1968 The use of a force platform in the study of athletic activities: A preliminary investigation. Ergonomics, 2, 123-143.
RAHDERT, E. 1975 A psychoeducational assessment to discriminate between hyperkinetic and comparison school-age boys. Unpublished master's thesis, Purdue University.
ROHMERT, W., LAURIG, W., PHILIPP, U., & LUCZAK, H. 1973 Heart rate variability and workload measurement. Ergonomics, 16, 33-44.
SCHMITT, B. E., MARTIN, H. P., NELLHAUSE, G., CRAVENS, J., CAMP, B. W., & JORDAN, K. 1973 The hyperactive child. Clinical Pediatrics, 12, 154-169.
SULZBACHER, S. L. 1975 The learning-disabled or hyperactive child: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 938-941.
WENDER, P. 1971 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
WERRY, J. S. 1968 Developmental hyperactivity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 16, 581-599.
WERRY, J. S., & SPRAGUE, R. L. 1970 Hyperactivity. In G. C. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of psychopathology, A handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
WERRY, J. S., WEISS, G., DOUGLAS, V., & MARTIN, J. 1966 Studies on the hyperactive child III: The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 292, 312.

Right : AMENT, A. 1976 Letter: The learning-disabled or hyperactive child. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1552-1553.
ARNOLD, L. E. 1973 Is this label necessary? Journal of School Health, 43, 510-514.
BARANY, J. W. 1963 The nature of individual differences in bodily forces exerted during a simple motor task. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 332-341.
BOYCE, P.R. 1974 Sinus arrhythmia as a measure of mental load. Ergonomics, 17, 177-183.
BROUHA, L. 1967 Physiology in industry. 2nd ed. London: Pergamon Press.
CLEMENTS, S. D. 1966 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. NINDS Monograph No.3. U. S. Public Health Service, Publication No.1415.
CONNORS, C. K. 1970 Symptom patterns in hyperkinetic, neurotic, and normal children. Child Development, 41, 667-682.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 2, 15-17.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 19, 23, 26-68.
DUNCAN, M. C. 1973 Minimal brain dysfunction: Differential diagnosis in the office. Medical Opinion, July 67-70.
FEINGOLD, B. F. 1975 Hyperkincsis and learning disabilities linked to artificial food flavors and colors. American Journal of Nursing, 75, 797-803.
FIRTH, P.A. 1973 Psychological factors influencing the relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and mental load. Ergonomics, 16, 5-16.
GREENE, J. H., & MORRIS, W. H. M. 1959 The design of a force-platform for work measurement. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10, 312-317.
ITO, K., & SCHULL, W. J. 1964 On the robustness of the T02 test in multivariate analysis of variance when variance-covariance matrices are not equal. Biometrika, 51, 71-82.
JOOST, M. G. 1976 Ouantifying hyperactivity in children. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.(Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 837B.)
KALSBEEK, J. W. H. 1973 Do you believe in sinus arrhythmia? Ergonomics, 16, 99-104.
KALSBEEK, J. W. H., & ETTEMA, H. H. 1963 cored regularity of the heart rate pattern and the measurement of perceptual load. Ergonomics, 6, 5-16.
KEOGH, B. K. 1971 Hyperactivity and learning disorders: Review and speculation. Exceptional Children, 38, 101-109.
MULDER, G., & MULDER-HAJONIDES VAN DER MEULEN, W. R. E. H. 1973 Mental load and the measurement of heart rate variability. Ergonomics, 16, 69-83.
NIE, N. H., HULL, C. H., JENKINS, J. G., STEINBRENNER, K., & BRENT, D. H. 1975 Statistical package for the social sciences. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
O'MALLEY, J. E., & EISENBERG, L. 1973 The hyperkinetic syndrome. In S. Walzer & P.H. Wolff (Eds.), Minimal cerebral dysfunction in children. New York: Grune and Stratton.
PAYNE, A. H., SLATER, W. J., & TELFORD, T. 1968 The use of a force platform in the study of athletic activities: A preliminary investigation. Ergonomics, 2, 123-143.
RAHDERT, E. 1975 A psychoeducational assessment to discriminate between hyperkinetic and comparison school-age boys. Unpublished master's thesis, Purdue University.
ROHMERT, W., LAURIG, W., PHILIPP, U., & LUCZAK, H. 1973 Heart rate variability and workload measurement. Ergonomics, 16, 33-44.
SCHMITT, B. E., MARTIN, H. P., NELLHAUSE, G., CRAVENS, J., CAMP, B. W., & JORDAN, K. 1973 The hyperactive child. Clinical Pediatrics, 12, 154-169.
SULZBACHER, S. I. 1975 The learning-disabled or hyperactive child: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 938-941.
WENDER, P.1971 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
WERRY, J. S. 1968 Developmental hyperactivity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 16, 581-599.
WERRY, J. S., & SPRAGUE, R. L. 1970 Hyperactivity. In G. C. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of psychopathology: A handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
WERRY, J. S., WEISS, G., DOUGLAS, V., & MARTIN, J. 1966 Studies on the hyperactive child III: The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 292, 312.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : AMENT, A. 1976 Letter: The learning-disabled or hyperactive child. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1552-1553.
ARNOLD, L. E. 1973 Is this label necessary? Journal of School Health, 43, 510-514.
BARANY, J. W. 1963 The nature of individual differences in bodily forces exerted during a simple motor task. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 332-341.
BOYCE, P.R. 1974 Sinus arrhythmia as a measure of mental load. Ergonomics, 17, 177-183.
BROUHA, L. 1967 Physiology in industry. 2nd ed. London: Pergamon Press.
CLEMENTS, S. D. 1966 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. NINDS Monograph No.3. U. S. Public Health Service, Publication No.1415.
CONNORS, C. K. 1970 Symptom patterns in hyperkinetic, neurotic, and normal children. Child Development, 41, 667-682.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 2, 15-17.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 19, 23, 26-68.
DUNCAN, M. C. 1973 Minimal brain dysfunction: Differential diagnosis in the office. Medical Opinion, July 67-70.
FEINGOLD, B. F. 1975 Hyperkincsis and learning disabilities linked to artificial food flavors and colors. American Journal of Nursing, 75, 797-803.
FIRTH, P.A. 1973 Psychological factors influencing the relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and mental load. Ergonomics, 16, 5-16.
GREENE, J. H., & MORRIS, W. H. M. 1959 The design of a force-platform for work measurement. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10, 312-317.
ITO, K., & SCHULL, W. J. 1964 On the robustness of the T02 test in multivariate analysis of variance when variance-covariance matrices are not equal. Biometrika, 51, 71-82.
JOOST, M. G. 1976 Ouantifying hyperactivity in children. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.(Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 837B.)
KALSBEEK, J. W. H. 1973 Do you believe in sinus arrhythmia? Ergonomics, 16, 99-104.
KALSBEEK, J. W. H., & ETTEMA, H. H. 1963 cored regularity of the heart rate pattern and the measurement of perceptual load. Ergonomics, 6, 5-16.
KEOGH, B. K. 1971 Hyperactivity and learning disorders: Review and speculation. Exceptional Children, 38, 101-109.
MULDER, G., & MULDER-HAJONIDES VAN DER MEULEN, W. R. E. H. 1973 Mental load and the measurement of heart rate variability. Ergonomics, 16, 69-83.
NIE, N. H., HULL, C. H., JENKINS, J. G., STEINBRENNER, K., & BRENT, D. H. 1975 Statistical package for the social sciences. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
O'MALLEY, J. E., & EISENBERG, L. 1973 The hyperkinetic syndrome. In S. Walzer & P.H. Wolff (Eds.), Minimal cerebral dysfunction in children. New York: Grune and Stratton.
PAYNE, A. H., SLATER, W. J., & TELFORD, T. 1968 The use of a force platform in the study of athletic activities: A preliminary investigation. Ergonomics, 2, 123-143.
RAHDERT, E. 1975 A psychoeducational assessment to discriminate between hyperkinetic and comparison school-age boys. Unpublished master's thesis, Purdue University.
ROHMERT, W., LAURIG, W., PHILIPP, U., & LUCZAK, H. 1973 Heart rate variability and workload measurement. Ergonomics, 16, 33-44.
SCHMITT, B. E., MARTIN, H. P., NELLHAUSE, G., CRAVENS, J., CAMP, B. W., & JORDAN, K. 1973 The hyperactive child. Clinical Pediatrics, 12, 154-169.
SULZBACHER, S. I. 1975 The learning-disabled or hyperactive child: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 938-941.
WENDER, P.1971 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
WERRY, J. S. 1968 Developmental hyperactivity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 16, 581-599.
WERRY, J. S., & SPRAGUE, R. L. 1970 Hyperactivity. In G. C. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of psychopathology: A handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
WERRY, J. S., WEISS, G., DOUGLAS, V., & MARTIN, J. 1966 Studies on the hyperactive child III: The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 292, 312.

Right : AMENT, A. 1976 Letter: The learning-disabled or hyperactive child. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 1552-1553.
ARNOLD, L. E. 1973 Is this label necessary? Journal of School Health, 43, 510-514.
BARANY, J. W. 1963 The nature of individual differences in bodily forces exerted during a simple motor task. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 332-341.
BOYCE, P.R. 1974 Sinus arrhythmia as a measure of mental load. Ergonomics, 17, 177-183.
BROUHA, L. 1967 Physiology in industry. 2nd ed. London: Pergamon Press.
CLEMENTS, S. D. 1966 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. NINDS Monograph No.3. U. S. Public Health Service, Publication No.1415.
CONNORS, C. K. 1970 Symptom patterns in hyperkinetic, neurotic, and normal children. Child Development, 41, 667-682.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 2, 15-17.
DENHOFF, E. 1973 The hyperactive behavior syndrome: Clinical reflections. Pediatric Annals, 19, 23, 26-68.
DUNCAN, M. C. 1973 Minimal brain dysfunction: Differential diagnosis in the office. Medical Opinion, July 67-70.
FEINGOLD, B. F. 1975 Hyperkinesis and learning disabilities linked to artificial food flavors and colors. American Journal of Nursing, 75, 797-803.
FIRTH, P.A. 1973 Psychological factors influencing the relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and mental load. Ergonomics, 16, 5-16.
GREENE, J. H., & MORRIS, W. H. M. 1959 The design of a force-platform for work measurement. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10, 312-317.
ITO, K., & SCHULL, W. J. 1964 On the robustness of the T02 test in multivariate analysis of variance when variance-covariance matrices are not equal. Biometrika, 51, 71-82.
JOOST, M. G. 1976 Quantifying hyperactivity in children. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.(Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 837B.)
KALSBEEK, J. W. H. 1973 Do you believe in sinus arrhythmia? Ergonomics, 16, 99-104.
KALSBEEK, J. W. H., & ETTEMA, H. H. 1963 Scored regularity of the heart rate pattern and the measurement of perceptual load. Ergonomics, 6, 5-16.
KEOGH, B. K. 1971 Hyperactivity and learning disorders: Review and speculation. Exceptional Children, 38, 101-109.
MULDER, G., & MULDER-HAJONIDES VAN DER MEULEN, W. R. E. H. 1973 Mental load and the measurement of heart rate variability. Ergonomics, 16, 69-83.
NIE, N. H., HULL, C. H., JENKINS, J. G., STEINBRENNER, K., & BRENT, D. H. 1975 Statistical package for the social sciences. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
O'MALLEY, J. E., & EISENBERG, L. 1973 The hyperkinetic syndrome. In S. Walzer & P.H. Wolff (Eds.), Minimal cerebral dysfunction in children. New York: Grune and Stratton.
PAYNE, A. H., SLATER, W. J., & TELFORD, T. 1968 The use of a force platform in the study of athletic activities: A preliminary investigation. Ergonomics, 2, 123-143.
RAHDERT, E. 1975 A psychoeducational assessment to discriminate between hyperkinetic and comparison school-age boys. Unpublished master's thesis, Purdue University.
ROHMERT, W., LAURIG, W., PHILIPP, U., & LUCZAK, H. 1973 Heart rate variability and workload measurement. Ergonomics, 16, 33-44.
SCHMITT, B. E., MARTIN, H. P., NELLHAUSE, G., CRAVENS, J., CAMP, B. W., & JORDAN, K. 1973 The hyperactive child. Clinical Pediatrics, 12, 154-169.
SULZBACHER, S. I. 1975 The learning-disabled or hyperactive child: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 938-941.
WENDER, P.1971 Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
WERRY, J. S. 1968 Developmental hyperactivity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 16, 581-599.
WERRY, J. S., & SPRAGUE, R. L. 1970 Hyperactivity. In G. C. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of psychopathology: A handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
WERRY, J. S., WEISS, G., DOUGLAS, V., & MARTIN, J. 1966 Studies on the hyperactive child III: The effect of chlorpromazine upon behavior and learning ability. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 292, 312.

Abstract

It has been estimated that about 10% of all boys aged six to twelve years are hyperactive. Often, hyperactivity is associated with learning disabilities. Despite the apparent magnitude of this problem, no valid objective and reliable measures are available to quantify hyperactivity in children. This study discusses how objective measures, using sinus arrhythmia and force platform scores were developed and validated on 30 boys (15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive) aged seven to twelve years. The results indicate that, when the above objective measures were used, 77% of all subjects were classified into their correct groups.

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Correction information

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