TERRITORIALITY ORIENTATION, PRIVACY ORIENTATION AND LOCUS OF CONTROL AS DETERMINANTS OF THE PERCEPTION OF CROWDING

OSAMU IWATA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.22.13

OSAMU IWATA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1980 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 13-21

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.22.13

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Published: June 30, 1980 Received: June 11, 1979 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: TITLE Details: [in Japanese]

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : ALTMAN, I. 1975 The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
ALTMAN, I. 1976 Privacy: A conceptual analysis. Environment & Behavior, 8, 7-29.
BARON, R. M., MANDEL, D. R., ADAMS, C. A., & GRIFFEN, L. M. 1976 Effects of social density in university residential environments. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 34, 434-446.
CozaY, P. C. 1973 Effects of density, activity and personality on environmental preference. Journal of Research in Personality, 7, 45-60.
DUKE, M. P., & Nowicxi, S. 1972 A new measure and social learning model for interpersonal distance. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6, 119-132.
DUKE, M. P., SHAHEEN, J., & NowicKI, S. 1974 The determination of locus of control in a geriatric population and a subsequent test of the social learning model for interpersonal distances. Journal of Psychology, 86, 277-285.
EDNEY, J. J., WALKER, C. A., & JORDAN, N. L. 1976 Is there reactance in personal space? Journal of Social Psychology, 100, 207-217.
EDWARDS, D. J. A. 1977 Perception of crowding and personal space as a function of locus of control, arousal seeking, sex of experimenter, and sex of subject. Journal of Psychology, 95, 223-229.
HECKEL, R. V., & HIERS, J. M. 1977 Social distance and locus of control. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 469-471.
IWATA, O. 1979 Selected personality traits as determinants of the perception of crowding. Japanese Psychological Research, 21, 1-9.
LANCER, E. J., & SAEGERT, S. 1977 Crowding and cognitive control. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 35, 175-182.
RAPOPORT, A. 1975 Toward a redefinition of density. Environment & Behavior, 7, 133-158.
RODIN, J., SOLOMON, S. K., & METCALF, J. 1978 Role of control in mediating perceptions of density. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 36, 988-999.
SCHOPLER, J., MCCALLUM, R., & RUSBULT, C. E. 1978 Behavioral interference and internalityexternality as determinants of subject crowding. Unpublished paper, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cited in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology 11. New York: Academic Press.
SHERROD, D. R. 1974 Crowding, perceived control, and behavioral aftereffects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 171-186.
WOLFE, M., & LAUFER, R. 1974 The concept of privacy in childhood and adolescence. In D. H. Carson (Ed.), Man-environment interaction: Evaluation and applications, Part II. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
YOSHIDA, M., & SHIRAKASHI, S. 1975 The effects of success vs. failure and members' internal-external control on the perception of members' behavior. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15,45-55. (In Japanese with English summary).

Right : ALTMAN, I. 1975 The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
ALTMAN, I. 1976 Privacy: A conceptual analysis. Environment Behavior, 8, 7-29.
BARON, R. M., MANDEL, D. R., ADAMS, C. A., & GRIFFEN, L. M. 1976 Effects of social density in university residential environments. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 34, 434-446.
COZBY, P. C. 1973 Effects of density, activity and personality on environmental preference. Journal of Research in Personality, 7, 45-60.
DUKE, M. P., & NOWICKI, S. 1972 A new measure and social learning model for interpersonal distance. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6, 119-132.
DUKE, M. P., SHAHEEN, J., & NOWICKI, S. 1974 The determination of locus of control in a geriatric population and a subsequent test of the social learning model for interpersonal distances. Journal of Psychology, 86, 277-285.
EDNEY, J. J., WALKER, C. A., & JORDAN, N. L. 1976 Is there reactance in personal space? Journal of Social Psychology, 100, 207-217.
EDWARDS, D. J. A. 1977 Perception of crowding and personal space as a function of locus of control, arousal seeking, sex of experimenter, and sex of subject. Journal of Psychology, 95, 223-229.
HECKEL, R. V., & HIERS, J. M. 1977 Social distance and locus of control. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 469-471.
IWATA, O. 1979 Selected personality traits as determinants of the perception of crowding. Japanese Psychological Research, 21, 1-9.
LANGER, E. J., & SAEGERT, S. 1977 Crowding and cognitive control. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 35, 175-182
RAPOPORT, A. 1975 Toward a redefinition of density. Environment Behavior, 7, 133-158.
RODIN, J., SOLOMON, S. K., & METCALF, J. 1978 Role of control in mediating perceptions of density. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 36, 988-999.
SCHOPLER, J., McCALLUM, R., & RUSBULT, C. E. 1978 Behavioral interference and internalityexternality as determinants of subject crowding. Unpublished paper, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cited in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology II. New York: Academic Press.
SHERROD, D. R, 1974 Crowding, perceived control, and behavioral aftereffects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 171-186.
WOLFE, M., & LAUFER, R. 1974 The concept of privacy in childhood and adolescence. In D. H. Carson (Ed.), Man-environment interaction: Evaluation and applications, Part II. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
YOSHIDA, M., & SHIRAKASHI, S. 1975 The effects of success vs. failure and members' internal-external control on the perception of members' behavior. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 45-55.(In Japanese with English summary).

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : ALTMAN, I. 1975 The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
ALTMAN, I. 1976 Privacy: A conceptual analysis. Environment Behavior, 8, 7-29.
BARON, R. M., MANDEL, D. R., ADAMS, C. A., & GRIFFEN, L. M. 1976 Effects of social density in university residential environments. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 34, 434-446.
COZBY, P. C. 1973 Effects of density, activity and personality on environmental preference. Journal of Research in Personality, 7, 45-60.
DUKE, M. P., & NOWICKI, S. 1972 A new measure and social learning model for interpersonal distance. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6, 119-132.
DUKE, M. P., SHAHEEN, J., & NOWICKI, S. 1974 The determination of locus of control in a geriatric population and a subsequent test of the social learning model for interpersonal distances. Journal of Psychology, 86, 277-285.
EDNEY, J. J., WALKER, C. A., & JORDAN, N. L. 1976 Is there reactance in personal space? Journal of Social Psychology, 100, 207-217.
EDWARDS, D. J. A. 1977 Perception of crowding and personal space as a function of locus of control, arousal seeking, sex of experimenter, and sex of subject. Journal of Psychology, 95, 223-229.
HECKEL, R. V., & HIERS, J. M. 1977 Social distance and locus of control. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 469-471.
IWATA, O. 1979 Selected personality traits as determinants of the perception of crowding. Japanese Psychological Research, 21, 1-9.
LANGER, E. J., & SAEGERT, S. 1977 Crowding and cognitive control. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 35, 175-182
RAPOPORT, A. 1975 Toward a redefinition of density. Environment Behavior, 7, 133-158.
RODIN, J., SOLOMON, S. K., & METCALF, J. 1978 Role of control in mediating perceptions of density. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 36, 988-999.
SCHOPLER, J., McCALLUM, R., & RUSBULT, C. E. 1978 Behavioral interference and internalityexternality as determinants of subject crowding. Unpublished paper, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cited in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology II. New York: Academic Press.
SHERROD, D. R, 1974 Crowding, perceived control, and behavioral aftereffects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 171-186.
WOLFE, M., & LAUFER, R. 1974 The concept of privacy in childhood and adolescence. In D. H. Carson (Ed.), Man-environment interaction: Evaluation and applications, Part II. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
YOSHIDA, M., & SHIRAKASHI, S. 1975 The effects of success vs. failure and members' internal-external control on the perception of members' behavior. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 45-55.(In Japanese with English summary).

Right : ALTMAN, I. 1975 The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
ALTMAN, I. 1976 Privacy: A conceptual analysis. Environment Behavior, 8, 7-29.
BARON, R. M., MANDEL, D. R., ADAMS, C. A., & GRIFFEN, L. M. 1976 Effects of social density in university residential environments. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 34, 434-446.
COZBY, P. C. 1973 Effects of density, activity and personality on environmental preference. Journal of Research in Personality, 7, 45-60.
DUKE, M. P., & NOWICKI, S. 1972 A new measure and social learning model for interpersonal distance. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6, 119-132.
DUKE, M. P., SHAHEEN, J., & NOWICKI, S. 1974 The determination of locus of control in a geriatric population and a subsequent test of the social learning model for interpersonal distances. Journal of Psychology, 86, 277-285.
EDNEY, J. J., WALKER, C. A., & JORDAN, N. L. 1976 Is there reactance in personal space? Journal of Social Psychology, 100, 207-217.
EDWARDS, D. J. A. 1977 Perception of crowding and personal space as a function of locus of control, arousal seeking, sex of experimenter, and sex of subject. Journal of Psychology, 95, 223-229.
HECKEL, R. V., & HIERS, J. M. 1977 Social distance and locus of control. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 469-471.
IWATA, O. 1979 Selected personality traits as determinants of the perception of crowding. Japanese Psychological Research, 21, 1-9.
LANGER, E. J., & SAEGERT, S. 1977 Crowding and cognitive control. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 35, 175-182.
RAPOPORT, A. 1975 Toward a redefinition of density. Environment Behavior, 7, 133-158.
RODIN, J., SOLOMON, S. K., & METCALF, J. 1978 Role of control in mediating perceptions of density. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 36, 988-999.
SCHOPLER, J., McCALLUM, R., & RUSBULT, C. E. 1978 Behavioral interference and internality-externality as determinants of subject crowding. Unpublished paper, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Cited in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology 11. New York: Academic Press.
SHERROD, D. R, 1974 Crowding, perceived control, and behavioral aftereffects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 171-186.
WOLFE, M., & LAUFER, R. 1974 The concept of privacy in childhood and adolescence. In D. H. Carson (Ed.), Man-environment interaction: Evaluation and applications, Part II. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
YOSHIDA, M., & SHIRAKASHI, S. 1975 The effects of success vs. failure and members' internal-external control on the perception of members' behavior. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 45-55.(In Japanese with English summary).

Abstract

One hundred and eleven Japanese female college students filled out questionnaires of crowding, in which each subject guessed in 12 pairs of situations with how many partners a fictitious person whose sex and age were supposed to be identical to each subject was considered to be able to share a room without feeling uncomfortable. Smaller numbers of partners meant the subject was more liable to experience crowding. Territoriality orientation, privacy orientation and locus of control were also measured by other questionnaires. Supporting three hypotheses, results indicated that those who have strong territoriality orientation, high privacy orientation or external control were more prone to experience crowding than their counterparts.

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