Acute behavioral effects of a single dosage of temazepam and nitrazepam on reactive skills

TOSHITERU HATAYAMA; HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI; MASAHIRO OHYAMA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.26.201

TOSHITERU HATAYAMA, HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI, MASAHIRO OHYAMA

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Keywords: drug effect, signal processing, reaction time, task difficulty, temazepam, nitrazepam

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1984 Volume 26 Issue 4 Pages 201-209

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.26.201

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Published: February 20, 1985 Received: December 07, 1983 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: September 22, 1984 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AUTHOR Details: Wrong : TOSHITERU HATAYAMA¹⁾, HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI¹⁾²⁾, MASAHIRO OHYAMA³⁾
Right : TOSHITERU HATAYAMA¹⁾, HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI¹⁾, MASAHIRO OHYAMA¹⁾

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University
2) Health Administration Center, Iwate University
3) College of Medical Sciences, Tohoku University

Right :
1) Tohoku University

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Bixler, E. D., Scharf, M. B., Leo, L. A., & Kales, A. 1975 Hypnotic drugs and performance: A review of theoretical and methodological considerations. In F. Kagan, T. Harwood, K. Rickels, A. D. Rudzik, & H. Sorer (Eds.), Hypnotics-Methods of development and evaluation. New York: Spectrum Publications. Pp. 175-194.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1972 Residual effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacologia, 25, 117-132.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1975 Residual effects of flunitrazepam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2, 143-150.
Breimer, D. D. 1979 Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of various benzodiazepines used as hypnotics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 7S-13S.
Donchin, E., & Lindsley, B. 1966 Average evoked potentials and reaction time to visual stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 217-223.
Donders, F. C. 1969 On the speed of mental processes. (Trs. by W. G. Koster) Acta Psychologica, 30, 412-431.
Haefely, W. E. 1978 Central actions of benzodiazepines: General introduction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 231-238.
Hindmarch, I. 1979 Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behavior. British Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 43S-46S.
Karlin, L., Martz, M. J., Brauth, S. E., & Mordkoff, A. M. 1971 Auditory evoked potentials, motor potentials and reaction time. Electroen-cephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 31, 129-136.
Liljequist, R., & Mattila, M. J. 1979 Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 44, 364-369.
Morrell, L. K., & Morrell, F. 1966 Evoked potentials and reaction times: A study of intraindividual variability. Electroencephalography and Clinical. Neurophysiology, 20, 567-575.
Pishkin, V., Lovallo, W. F., Fishkin, S. M., & Shurley, J. T. 1980 Residual effects of temazepam and other hypnotic compounds on cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 358-363.
Pleuvry, B. J., Maddison, S. E., Odeh, R. B., & Dodson, M. E. 1980 Respiratory and psychological effects of oral temazepam in volunteers. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 901-906.
Roth, T., Piccione, P., Salis, P., Kramer, M., & Kaffeman, M. 1979 Effects of temazepam, flunitrazepam and quinalbarbitone on sleep: Psychomotor and cognitive function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 47S-54S.
Sanders, A. F. 1977 Structural and functional aspects of the reaction process. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI. New York: Wiley. Pp. 3-25.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. 1970 STAI manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Welford, A. T. 1980 Choice reaction time: Basic concepts. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction times. London: Academic Press. Pp. 73-128.
Woodworth, R. S. 1938 Reaction time. In R. S. Woodworth, Experimental psychology. London: Methuen. Pp. 298-339.

Right : Bixler, E. D., Scharf, M. B., Leo, L. A., & Kales, A. 1975 Hypnotic drugs and performance: A review of theoretical and methodological considerations. In F. Kagan, T. Harwood, K. Rickels, A. D. Rudzik, & H. Sorer (Eds.), Hypnotics-Methods of development and evaluation. New York: Spectrum Publications. Pp.175-194.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1972 Residual effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacologia, 25, 117-132.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1975 Residual effects of flunitrazepam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2, 143-150.
Breimer, D. D. 1979 Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of various benzodiazepines used as hypnotics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 7S-13S.
Donchin, E., & Lindsley, B. 1966 Average evoked potentials and reaction time to visual stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 217-223.
Donders, F. C. 1969 On the speed of mental processes.(Trs. by W. G. Koster) Acta Psychologica, 30, 412-431.
Haefely, W. E. 1978 Central actions of benzodiazepines: General introduction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 231-238.
Hindmarch, I. 1979 Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behavior. British Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 43S-46S.
Karlin, L., Martz, M. J., Brauth, S. E., & Mordkoff, A. M. 1971 Auditory evoked potentials, motor potentials and reaction time. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 31, 129-136.
Liljequist, R., & Mattila, M. J. 1979 Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 44, 364-369.
Morrell, L. K., & Morrell, F. 1966 Evoked potentials and reaction times: A study of intraindividual variability. Electroencephalography and Clinical.Neurophysiology, 20, 567-575.
Pishkin, V., Lovallo, W. F., Fishkin, S. M., & Shurley, J. T. 1980 Residual effects of temazepam and other hypnotic compounds on cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 358-363.
Pleuvry, B. J., Maddison, S. E., Odeh, R. B., & Dodson, M. E. 1980 Respiratory and psychological effects of oral temazepam in volunteers. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 901-906.
Roth, T., Piccione, P., Salis, P., Kramer, M., & Kaffeman, M. 1979 Effects of temazepam, flunitrazepam and quinalbarbitone on slecp: Psychomotor and cognitive function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 47S-54S.
Sanders, A. F. 1977 Structural and functional aspects of the reaction process. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI. New York: Wiley. Pp.3-25.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. 1970 STAI manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Welford, A. T. 1980 Choice reaction time: Basic concepts. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction times. London: Academic Press. Pp.73-128.
Woodworth, R. S. 1938 Reaction time. In R. S. Woodworth, Experimental psychology. London: Methuen. Pp.298-339.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AUTHOR Details: Wrong : TOSHITERU HATAYAMA¹⁾, HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI¹⁾, MASAHIRO OHYAMA¹⁾
Right : TOSHITERU HATAYAMA¹⁾, HIROSHI YAMAGUCHI¹⁾, MASAHIRO OHYAMA²⁾

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: AFFILIATION Details: Wrong :
1) Tohoku University

Right :
1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University
2) College of Medical Sciences, Tohoku University

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Bixler, E. D., Scharf, M. B., Leo, L. A., & Kales, A. 1975 Hypnotic drugs and performance: A review of theoretical and methodological considerations. In F. Kagan, T. Harwood, K. Rickels, A. D. Rudzik, & H. Sorer (Eds.), Hypnotics-Methods of development and evaluation. New York: Spectrum Publications. Pp.175-194.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1972 Residual effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacologia, 25, 117-132.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1975 Residual effects of flunitrazepam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2, 143-150.
Breimer, D. D. 1979 Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of various benzodiazepines used as hypnotics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 7S-13S.
Donchin, E., & Lindsley, B. 1966 Average evoked potentials and reaction time to visual stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 217-223.
Donders, F. C. 1969 On the speed of mental processes.(Trs. by W. G. Koster) Acta Psychologica, 30, 412-431.
Haefely, W. E. 1978 Central actions of benzodiazepines: General introduction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 231-238.
Hindmarch, I. 1979 Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behavior. British Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 43S-46S.
Karlin, L., Martz, M. J., Brauth, S. E., & Mordkoff, A. M. 1971 Auditory evoked potentials, motor potentials and reaction time. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 31, 129-136.
Liljequist, R., & Mattila, M. J. 1979 Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 44, 364-369.
Morrell, L. K., & Morrell, F. 1966 Evoked potentials and reaction times: A study of intraindividual variability. Electroencephalography and Clinical.Neurophysiology, 20, 567-575.
Pishkin, V., Lovallo, W. F., Fishkin, S. M., & Shurley, J. T. 1980 Residual effects of temazepam and other hypnotic compounds on cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 358-363.
Pleuvry, B. J., Maddison, S. E., Odeh, R. B., & Dodson, M. E. 1980 Respiratory and psychological effects of oral temazepam in volunteers. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 901-906.
Roth, T., Piccione, P., Salis, P., Kramer, M., & Kaffeman, M. 1979 Effects of temazepam, flunitrazepam and quinalbarbitone on slecp: Psychomotor and cognitive function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 47S-54S.
Sanders, A. F. 1977 Structural and functional aspects of the reaction process. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI. New York: Wiley. Pp.3-25.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. 1970 STAI manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Welford, A. T. 1980 Choice reaction time: Basic concepts. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction times. London: Academic Press. Pp.73-128.
Woodworth, R. S. 1938 Reaction time. In R. S. Woodworth, Experimental psychology. London: Methuen. Pp.298-339.

Right : Bixler, E. D., Scharf, M. B., Leo, L. A., & Kales, A. 1975 Hypnotic drugs and performance: A review of theoretical and methodological considerations. In F. Kagan, T. Harwood, K. Rickels, A. D. Rudzik, & H. Sorer (Eds.), Hypnotics-Methods of development and evaluation. New York: Spectrum Publications. Pp.175-194.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1972 Residual effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacologia, 25, 117-132.
Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. 1975 Residual effects of flunitrazepam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2, 143-150.
Breimer, D. D. 1979 Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of various benzodiazepines used as hypnotics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 7S-13S.
Donchin, E., & Lindsley, B. 1966 Average evoked potentials and reaction time to visual stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 217-223.
Donders, F. C. 1969 On the speed of mental processes.(Trs. by W. G. Koster) Acta Psychologica, 30, 412-431.
Haefely, W. E. 1978 Central actions of benzodiazepines: General introduction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 231-238.
Hindmarch, I. 1979 Effects of hypnotic and sleep-inducing drugs on objective assessments of human psychomotor performance and subjective appraisals of sleep and early morning behavior. British Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 43S-46S.
Karlin, L., Martz, M. J., Brauth, S. E., & Mordkoff, A. M. 1971 Auditory evoked potentials, motor potentials and reaction time. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 31, 129-136.
Liljequist, R., & Mattila, M. J. 1979 Acute effects of temazepam and nitrazepam on psychomotor skills and memory. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 44, 364-369.
Morrell, L. K., & Morrell, F. 1966 Evoked potentials and reaction times: A study of intraindividual variability. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 567-575.
Pishkin, V., Lovallo, W. F., Fishkin, S. M., & Shurley, J. T. 1980 Residual effects of temazepam and other hypnotic compounds on cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 358-363.
Pleuvry, B. J., Maddison, S. E., Odeh, R. B., & Dodson, M. E. 1980 Respiratory and psychological effects of oral temazepam in volunteers. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 901-906.
Roth, T., Piccione, P., Salis, P., Kramer, M., & Kaffeman, M. 1979 Effects of temazepam, flunitrazepam and quinalbarbitone on sleep: Psychomotor and cognitive function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 47S-54S.
Sanders, A. F. 1977 Structural and functional aspects of the reaction process. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI. New York: Wiley. Pp.3-25.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. 1970 STAI manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Welford, A. T. 1980 Choice reaction time: Basic concepts. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction times. London: Academic Press. Pp.73-128.
Woodworth, R. S. 1938 Reaction time. In R. S. Woodworth, Experimental psychology. London: Methuen. Pp.298-339.

Abstract

The effects of two kinds of benzodiazepines, temazepam and nitrazepam, on internal processing stages associated with reactive skills were tested using a single performance test consisting of three types of reaction time (RT) tasks differing in response-certainty. The experiment was carried out double blind on two consecutive days for three treatment groups, eight subjects each, including a placebo group. The results indicated that: 1) a drug effect appeared not in the measure of mean RTs, but in that of RT variances, 2) this effect tended to spread over the whole stages of processing, 3) the mental process most affected would be the cognitive one related to response selection; however, this resulted from the task characteristics such as certainty rather than from drug intake. It was suggested that the drugs would act to impair the processes that regulated organized responses as a whole, not specifically any definite stage of signal processing.

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