SOME ACQUIRED PROPERTIES OF THE BACKWARD CS PAIRED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK AS US (2) EFFECT OF THE LEVEL OF CONDITIONING

SATORU NISHIZAWA; YOSHITAKA UMEOKA

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.5.103

SOME ACQUIRED PROPERTIES OF THE BACKWARD CS PAIRED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK AS US (2)

EFFECT OF THE LEVEL OF CONDITIONING

SATORU NISHIZAWA, YOSHITAKA UMEOKA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1963 Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 103-108

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.5.103

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Published: 1963 Received: June 26, 1963 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : This study was a further attempt con-tinued from the previous research to mediate the divergent evidences presented about the acquired property of a backward CS with electric shock as US in terms of some experimental variables. 3×2 two-factorial design was used in conditioning with variations in CS-US sequence (for-ward, backward, and non-contiguous) as one factor and levels of training (four and sixteen trials) as the other. The rats trained thus differently were tested in the identical situation with a metal bar for food pellet similar to Mowrer and Aiken's experiment. The distinctive features in test procedure different from the precedent were as follows; (i) making the test situa-tion relatively “dangerous” in furnish-ing with a grid floor of no use, (ii) using partial reinforcement instead of continuous reinforcement, and (iii) omitting the test stimulus, TS, in every rewarded trial.
The covariance analysis of the test scores indicated that the remarkable variance relating to the factor of CS-US sequence could be referred solely to the difference between Forward and the others, and the differential effects of conditioning level upon Control and Backward seem to be not conclusive in the present result.
Right : This study was a further attempt to mediate the divergent evidences presented about the theme in terms of some experimental variables. 3×2 two-factorial design was used in conditioning with variations in CS-US sequence and levels of training. The rats trained thus differently were tested in the identical situation similar to Mowrer and Aiken's (1954) experiment. The distinctive features in test procedure were: (a) making the situation relatively “dangerous” (b) using partial reinforcement.
The covariance analysis of the test scores indicated that the remarkable variance relating to the factor of CS-US sequence could be referred solely to the difference between Forward and the others, and the differential effects of conditioning level upon Control and Backward seem to be not conclusive.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BARLOW, J. A. Secondary motivation through classical conditioning: A reconsideration of the nature of backward conditioning. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 406-408.
BECK, R. C. On secondary reinforcement and shock termination. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 28-45.
COCHRAN, W. G., & Cox, G. M. Experimental Designs. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.
MOWRER, O. H., & AIxEN, E. G. Contiguity vs. drive reduction in conditioned fear: temporal variations in conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. Amer. ,7. Psychol., 1954, 67, 26-38.
NISHIZAWA, S. Some acquired properties of the backward CS paired with electric shock as US: 1. Effects of two conditions (danger vs. safety prospect) in the test situation upon the property of such CS. Jap. Psychol. Res. 1962, 4, 154-162.
RAZRAN, G. Backward Conditioning. Psychol. Bull., 1956, 63, 55-69.
SPENCE, K. W., & RUNQUIST, W. N. Temporal effects of conditioned fear on the eyelid reflex., J. exp. Psychol., 1958, 55, 613-616.
TERANISHI, R. An electric shock apparatus for rat. lap. J. Psychol., 1958, 28, 388-391. (in Japanese).

Right : BARLOW, J. A. Secondary motivation through classical conditioning: A reconsideration of the nature of backward conditioning. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 406-408.
BECK, R. C. On secondary reinforcement and shock termination. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 28-45.
COCHRAN, W. G., & Cox, G. M. Experimental Designs. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.
MOWRER, O. H., & AIKEN, E. G. Contiguity vs. drive reduction in conditioned fear: temporal variations in conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 26-38.
NISHIZAWA, S. Some acquired properties of the backward CS paired with electric shock as US: I. Effects of two conditions (danger vs. safety prospect) in the test situation upon the property of such CS. Jap. psychol. Res. 1962, 4, 154-162.
RAZRAN, G. Backward Conditioning. Psychol. Bull., 1956, 63, 55-69.
SPENCE, K. W., & RUNQUIST, W. N. Temporal effects of conditioned fear on the eyelid reflex. J. exp. Psychol., 1958, 55, 613-616.
TERANISHI, R. An electric shock apparatus for rat. Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 28, 388-391.(in Japanese).

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : BARLOW, J. A. Secondary motivation through classical conditioning: A reconsideration of the nature of backward conditioning. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 406-408.
BECK, R. C. On secondary reinforcement and shock termination. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 28-45.
COCHRAN, W. G., & Cox, G. M. Experimental Designs. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.
MOWRER, O. H., & AIKEN, E. G. Contiguity vs. drive reduction in conditioned fear: temporal variations in conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 26-38.
NISHIZAWA, S. Some acquired properties of the backward CS paired with electric shock as US: I. Effects of two conditions (danger vs. safety prospect) in the test situation upon the property of such CS. Jap. psychol. Res. 1962, 4, 154-162.
RAZRAN, G. Backward Conditioning. Psychol. Bull., 1956, 63, 55-69.
SPENCE, K. W., & RUNQUIST, W. N. Temporal effects of conditioned fear on the eyelid reflex. J. exp. Psychol., 1958, 55, 613-616.
TERANISHI, R. An electric shock apparatus for rat. Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 28, 388-391.(in Japanese).

Right : BARLOW, J. A. Secondary motivation through classical conditioning: A reconsideration of the nature of backward conditioning. Psychol. Rev., 1956, 63, 406-408.
BECK, R. C. On secondary reinforcement and shock termination. Psychol. Bull., 1961, 58, 28-45.
COCHRAN, W. G., & Cox, G. M. Experimental Designs. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.
MOWRER, O. H., & AIKEN, E. G. Contiguity vs. drive reduction in conditioned fear: temporal variations in conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol., 1954, 67, 26-38.
NISHIZAWA, S. Some acquired properties of the backward CS paired with electric shock as US: 1. Effects of two conditions (danger vs. safety prospect) in the test situation upon the property of such CS. Jap. psychol. Res. 1962, 4, 154-162.
RAZRAN, G. Backward Conditioning. Psychol. Bull., 1956, 63, 55-69.
SPENCE, K. W., & RUNQUIST, W. N. Temporal effects of conditioned fear on the eyelid reflex. J. exp. Psychol., 1958, 55, 613-616.
TERANISHI, R. An electric shock apparatus for rat. Jap. J. Psychol., 1958, 28, 388-391. (in Japanese).

Abstract

This study was a further attempt to mediate the divergent evidences presented about the theme in terms of some experimental variables. 3×2 two-factorial design was used in conditioning with variations in CS-US sequence and levels of training. The rats trained thus differently were tested in the identical situation similar to Mowrer and Aiken's (1954) experiment. The distinctive features in test procedure were: (a) making the situation relatively “dangerous” (b) using partial reinforcement.
The covariance analysis of the test scores indicated that the remarkable variance relating to the factor of CS-US sequence could be referred solely to the difference between Forward and the others, and the differential effects of conditioning level upon Control and Backward seem to be not conclusive.

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