2008 Volume 7 Pages 59-72
As a consequence of economic globalization as well as of advances in technology, the system of export control of dual use technologies becomes important. This article reviews the institution and the implementation of security trade control in Japan, paying attention to the role of private actors who own technologies and the importance of public private partnership using CP (Compliance Program). Then this article analyzes the two major challenges facing the system. The first challenge is a need to expand controls on an international front, particularly in Asia. It is no longer enough for controls to target just the simple exports from one country, and authorities need to think of exports made via third countries as well as of import and export transactions to which their own country is not a direct party. Second, advances in technological developments mean that controls are required for new goods and technologies which do not fit easily with past concepts of “export” and “trade.” The nature and methods of technology transfers have become more varied, and specifically the outflow of technologies and knowledge to other countries through exchanges between scientists, researchers and so on, that is, deemed export, is becoming a matter of concern. Finally, the article analyzes the issues of institutional design. With respect to the future design of the governance of security trade control, not just a strengthening of governance required simply from the viewpoint of security, but a greater forum for debating tradeoffs among various public policy purposes, such as security, trade, energy security and academic freedom, will be necessary.
