Abstract
Risk of an urban system and/or artifacts under threat of natural hazards can be estimated by analyzing resilience of a system as well as hazards at the site of the system.What are expected from society to urban system and artifacts can shift over time.Scientific knowledge on natural hazards also grows and sometimes shifts over time.Then,it is proposed in this paper that resilience of a complex system can be defined as “an ability of a system to adapt to a changing situation in a timely manner to continuously achieve its objectives and requirements during its lifetime”.Leadership and management capabilities of various stakeholders are also considered to be important for resilience.
