Abstract
The cytoplasmic genome and maternal genetic effects of crops play vital roles in plant genetics and crop breeding. The cytoplasmic genome, consisting of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, not only governs photosynthesis, respiration, and energy metabolism in plants but is also maternally inherited by progeny. Maternal genetic effects refer to the significant influence of the maternal parent on offspring phenotypes and genetic traits, particularly for crop growth, development, stress resistance, and yield. This paper provides a systematic review of the structure, function, and inheritance characteristics of crop cytoplasmic genomes, while also exploring the molecular mechanisms of maternal genetic effects and their important applications in crop breeding. Furthermore, it analyzes molecular mechanisms underlying the cytoplasmic genome and maternal genetic effects, highlights the application of modern technologies, such as genome sequencing and gene editing, in this field, and illustrates research progress across multiple crops through case studies. By summarizing current research achievements and practical applications, this paper identifies future research priorities and challenges, aiming to provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of the cytoplasmic genome and maternal genetic effects to enhance crop productivity and adaptability.
