2021 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 3-10
After discussing the fundamental issue of charge distributions at polarized interfaces, we present the concept of the “Discrete Helmholtz Model” for liquid-liquid interfaces and also for other non-metallic interfaces. We introduce the newly discovered ionosomes, which are nano liquid-liquid interfaces. We finish by presenting our work of water splitting using redox electrocatalysis in a batch mode, using an aqueous redox battery and finally using molecular electrocatalysts.