Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Imaging of Plants, and the Problems with and Prospects of Remote Sensing: Cells to Global Observation

Abstract

Chlorophyll a fluorescence (Chl a F) has recently attracted attention in the field of remote sensing. In this review, I describe the principles of Chl a F and its applications on imaging and remote sensing. The paper is organized as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Behavior analysis and quantification of biological substances using fluorescent probes; (3) Roles in the initial photochemical reaction of photosynthetic pigments and Chl a F; (4) Imaging of Chl a F induction and parameters; (5) Relation between steady-state Chl a F and Chl content; (6) Chl a F measurements using Fraunhofer line; and (7) Problems with and future prospects for SIF (solar-induced Chl a F) remote sensing.