Earthquake Countermeasure Technology for Small to Huge Earthquakes

Abstract

In the field of railway earthquake countermeasures, earthquake resistant design, aseismic reinforcement, etc., are implemented before earthquakes. On the other hand, measures such as earthquake early warning, operational restrictions, are implemented after earthquakes. Pre-and post-earthquake measures are generally combined to strike a proper balance. Though the targets of these countermeasures are primarily large earthquakes, there is a pressing need for new countermeasures for small earthquakes, such as rapid resumption of operations after small earthquake. This paper describes recent advances in the development of countermeasures for small earthquakes that occur more frequently as well as those for large and huge earthquakes for which some issues are still pending.