Abstract
This paper, based on a case study of Chinese temples in Phuket, aims to demonstrate the importance of religious activities lying outside "religion" in the so-called "Buddhist" societies in Thailand, as well as to question the category of "religion"itself. In Thailand, most of the Chinese temples (called sanchao in Thai) are not recognized as "religious places" by the religious administration (namely the Department of Religious Affairs), since they come under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior. In Phuket, Chinese temples as "non-religious" places (of worship?) outnumber officially recognized Buddhist temples and they offer occasions for the worship of Buddhist deities. One of the unique features of the "Buddhist" activities of the Chinese temples in Phuket is that they are conducted without monks. Because the Chinese temples are placed outside the state protection of "religion," they are not institutionalized as belonging to any state-approved religion. This is beneficial to the Chinese temples as they do not have to compete with "state Buddhism"; in such temples indiscriminate syncretic worship is also latently sanctioned. In Phuket the functions of Chinese associations and charity foundations overlap with those of the Chinese temples, challenging the definition of religion in yet another way. Our discussion leads us to conclude that all these activities lying outside of "religion"actually occupy an important part of "Buddhism" in Thailand. Thus a reconsideration of the framework of "Buddhism" and "religion" in Thailand is necessary.
