Ice ramparts and the history of studies on them

Abstract

Ice ramparts develop mainly on the shores of inland lakes which are frozen over in winter. In this paper, an explanation is made of these micro-relief features. Shapes, sizes and internal structures of these features are described and the mechanism of their formation is also discussed.
Many synonyms for“ice rampart”are found in previous papers.It is, therefore, apprehended that a multiplicity of terms may cause much confusion in studies on ice ramparts. The author proposes his personal view on the usage of technical terms which are concerned with these features.
Since the early 1820's numerous studies on ice ramparts have been done. The history of these studies can be divided into three periods:“early studies”, “studies after Gilbert”and“recent studies”. An outline of each period is given, and lastly trends in recent studies on ice ramparts are briefly summarized.