A review of recent glacier variations in the Arctic

Takao KAMEDA

doi:10.5331/seppyo.57.41

Takao KAMEDA

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Keywords: glacier variation, the Arctic

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1995 Volume 57 Issue 1 Pages 41-56

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.57.41

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Published: March 15, 1995 Received: July 08, 1994 Available on J-STAGE: August 07, 2009 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: August 07, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Björnsson, H., 1978: The surface area of glaciers in Iceland. Jökull, 28, 31.
Bradley, R., 1990: Holocene paleoclimatology of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canadian high Arctic. Quart. Sci. Reviews, 9, 365-384.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1964: Glacier research, 17, 131.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1965: Glacier research, 18, 139.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1966: Glacier research, 19, 148-150.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1967: Glacier research, 20, 184-187.
Denton, G. H., 1975: Part VIII Glaciers of the North Atrantic Islands. Chapter 3 Iceland. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL. Volume 2, 932pp.
Douglas, B. C., Cheney, R. E., Miller, L. and Agreen, R., 1990: Letter. Greenland Ice Sheet: Is it growing or shrinking? Science, 248, 228.
Eythòrsson, J., 1962: Jöklabreytingar 1960/61 og 1961/62 (in Icelandic). Jökull, 12, 37-39.
Eythòrsson, J., 1963a: Jöklabreytingar 1961/62 og 1962/63 (in Icelandic). Jökull, 13, 29-31.
Eythòrsson, J., 1963b: Variation of Iceland glaciers, 1931-1960. Jökull, 13, 31-33.
Eythòrsson, J., 1965: Jöklabreytingar 1963/64 og 1964/65 (In Icelandic). Jökull, 15, 148-150.
Fahn, C., 1975: Part VIII Glaciers of Arctic Canada. Chapter 1 Northern Labrador. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Falconer, G., 1962: Glaciers of Northern Baffin and Bylot Islands, N. W. T. Geographical Paper n. 33, Geographical Branch, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa, 31pp. quoted in Mercer, J. H., 1975: Part VIII Glaciersof Arctic Canada. Chapter 2 Baffin and Byolt Island. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Field, W. O. ed., 1975: Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. Vols. 1 & 2, CRREL, New Ha m-pshire, 698pp. & 932pp.
Grosswald, M. G., Krenke, A. N., Vinogradov, O. N., Markin, V. A. Psariova, t. v., Razumeiko, N. G. and Sukhodrovsky, V. L., 1973: Glaciersof the Franz Josef Land. Nauka, Moscow, 345pp.
Grosval'd, M. G. and Kotlyakov, V. M., 1969: Presentday glaciers in the U. S. S. R. and some data on their mass balance. J. Glaciol., 8 (52) , 9-22.
Govorukha, L. S., 1988: The present state of ice cap islands in the Soviet Arctic. Polar Geography and Geology, 12, 312-316.
Govorukha, L. S., Bol'shiyanov, D. Yu., Zarkhidze, V. S. Pinchuk, L. Ya. and Yunak, R. I., 1987:Change sin the glacier cover of Severaya Zamlya in the twentieth century. Polar Geography and Geology, 11, 300-305.
Hagen, J. O. and Listøl, O., 1990: Long-term glacier mass-balance investigations in Svalbard, 1950-88. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 102-106.
Hagen, J. O., Listøl, O., Roland, E., Jørgensen, T., 1993: Glacier atlas of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Meddelelser Nr. 129, Norsk Polar institiutt, Oslo.141pp.
Hattersley-Smith, G. Lotz, J. R. and Sager, R. B., 1961: The ablation season on Gilman glacier, Northern Ellesmere Island. International Association for Scientific Hydrology (IASH), 54, 152-168.
Hattersley-Smith, G. and Serson, H., 1970: Mass balance of the Ward Hunt Ice Rise and Ice Shelf: a 10 year record. J. Glaciol., 9 (56), 247-251.
Hayes, I. I., 1867: The open polar sea, a narrative of avoyage of discovery towards the North Pole in theSchooner “United States”quot;. Hurd and Houton, NewYork, 415pp. quoted in Kiteme, B., 1975: Part II Glaciers of EasternEurope and Northern Asia in the Soviet Union. Chapter 1 The Arctic Islands of the Soviet Union. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northrn Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1967: Fluctuations of glaciers 1959-1965 (Vol. I ). ed. P. Kasser, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1973: Fluctuations of glaciers 1965-1970 (Vol. II). ed. P. Kasser, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1977: Fluctuations of glaciers 1970-1975 (Vol. III). ed. F. Muller, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1985: Fluctuations of glaciers 1975-1980 (Vol. IV). ed. W. Haeberli, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1988: Fluctuations of glaciers 1980-1985 (Vol. V).ed. W. Haeberli and P. Muller, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1993: Fluctuations of glaciers 1985-1990 (Vol. VI). eds. W. Haeberli and M.Hoelzle, Paris.
Jóhannesson, T., 1986: The response time of glaciers in Iceland to changes to climate. Ann. Glaciol., 8, 100-101.
Kaplin, P. A., 1958: The retreat of the Novaya Zemlya glaciers (in Russia). Priroda (Nature), 3, March, 88-90.
Kasser, P. and Muller, F., 1960: Uber die Gletscheranderungen seit 1900 in den schweizer Alpen (in German). Wasser-und Energiewirtshaft, 8 (10), 2 27-233.
Kiteme, B., 1975: Part II Glaciers of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia in the Soviet Union. Chapter 1 The Arctic Islands of the Soviet Union. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Koerner, R. M. 1968: Fabric analysis of a core from the Meighen Ice Cap, Northwest Territories, Canada. J. Glaciol., 7, 421-430.
Koerner, R. M., 1977: Devon Island Ice Cap: Core stratigraphy and paleoclimate. Science, 196 (4285), 15-18.
Koerner, R. M. and Paterson, W. S. B. (1974):Analysis of a core through the Meighen Ice Cap, Arctic Canada, and its paleoclimatic implications. Quaternary Res., 4, 253-263.
Lefauconnier, B. and Hagen, J. O., 1990: Glaciers and climate in Svalbard: statistical analysis and reconstruction of the Broggerbreen mass balance for the last 77 years. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 148-152 Lefauconnier, B. and Hagen, J. O., 1991: Surging and calving glaciers in Eastern Svalbard. Meddelelser Nr. 116, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo, 130pp.
Lefauconnier, B. 1991: Recent fluctuations of glaciers in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Inter-Nord, 19, 449-453.
Løken, O. H. and Andrews, J. T., 1966: Glaciology and chronology of fluctuations of the ice margin at the south of the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, N. W. T. Geographical Bulletin, 8 (4), 341-359.
Løken, O. H. and Sager, R. B., 1967: Mass balance obervations on the Barnes ice cap, Baffin Island, Island, Canada. International Association for Scientific Hydrology (IASH), 79, 282-291.
MacMillan, D. B. 1928: Geographical Report of the Crocker Island Land Expedition, 1913-17. Bull. Amer. Museum Natural Hist., 56, 379-435.
Mercer, J. H., 1975a: Part VIII Glaciers of Arctic Canada. Chapter 2. Baffin and Bylot Island.In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Mercer, J. H., 1975b: Part VIII Glaciers of Arcitic Canada. Chapter 3. Queen Elizabeth Islands.In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Muller, F., 1962: Glacier mass-budget studies on Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. International Association for Scientific Hydrology (IASH), 58, 282-291.
Odell, N. E., 1933: The mountains of Northern Labrador. Geog. Jour., 82 (3), 193-210; 315-325. quoted in Fahn, C., 1975: Part VIII. Glaciers of Arctic Canada. Chapter 1. Northern Labrador. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountainglaciers of the Northern Hemisphers. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Ohmura, A., 1987: Heat budget of the climate system between the Last Glacial Maximum amd the Present. Bulletin of the Departmentof Geography University of Tokyo, 19, 21-28.
Reeh, N., 1983: Ikke-statioaer beregningsmodel for Inlandsisens randzone (in Danish). Gronland Geol. Unders. Gletscher-hydrol. Meddr 83/7, 81 pp.
Rist, S., 1967, 74, 77, 78, 81-83 and 85-87: Joklbreytingar 1964/65, 1965/66 og 1966/67, (in Icelandic), Jokull, 17 (1967), 321-325.; 1931/64, 1964/73 og 1973/74, 24 (1974) , 77-82.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-76 (2àr) og 1976/76 (2àr) og 1976/77, 27 (1977), 88-93. : 1974/75-1976/73 (3àr) og 1977/78, 28 (1978), 61-65.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1977/78 (4àr) og 1978/79, 31 (1981), 37-41.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1979/80 (6àr) og 1980/81, 32 (1982), 121-126.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1980 81 (7àr) og 1981/82, 33 (1983), 141-145.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1982/83 (9àr) og 1983/84, 35 (1985), 111-117.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1983/84 (10àr) og 1984/85, 36 (1986), 83-89.; 1964-1974 (10àr), 1974-1985 (11àr) og 1985/86, 37 (1987), 85-90.
Sager, R. B., 1966: Climatological and glaciological studies on the Barnes ice cap, 1962-1963 and 1964, Geogr. Bull., 8 (1), 3-47.
Sharp, M. and Dugmore, A. 1985: Holocene glacier fluctuations in Eastern Iceland. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 21, 341-349.
Sigurðsson, O., 1989: Jo klabreytingar 1930-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-1987 og 1987-1988 (in Icelandic with English abstract). Jokull, 39, 108-113.
Sigurosson, O., 1990: Joklabreytingar 1930-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-1988 og 1988-1989 (in Icelandic with English abstract). Jokull, 40, 169-174.
Sigurosson, O., 1991: Joklabreytingar 1930-1960, 1960-1990 og 1989-1990 (in Icelandic with English abstract). Jokull, 41, 88-96.
Thorarinsson, S., 1943: Vatnajokull, Scientific results of the Swedish-Icelandic Investigations 1936-37-38. Part XI. Oscillations of the Icelandic glaciers in the last 250 years. Geog. Annaler, 25, 1-25.
Thorarinsson, S., 1958: Area of the biggest glaciers in Iceland. Jokull, 8, 25.
Verkulich, S. R., Krusanov, A. G. and Anisimov, M. A., 1992: The present state of, and trends displayed by, the glaciers of Bennett Island in the past 40 years. Polar Geography and Geology, 16 (1). 51-57.
Voloshina, A. P., 1988: Some results of glacier mass balance research on the glaciers of the Polar Urals. Polar Geography and Geology, 12, 200-211.
Werner, A. Holocene glaciation and climatic change Spitsbergen, Svalbard, (Ph. D. thesis. University of Colorado, 1988, 296pp.)
Weidick, A. Boggild, C. E. and Knudsen, N. T., 1992: Glacier inventory and atlas of West Greenland. Gronland Geol. Unders. (GGU) Rapport 158, 194 pp.
Williams, R. S. Jr., 1986: Galcier inventories of Iceland: Evolution and use of sources of data. Ann. Glaciol., 8, 184-191.
Zwally, H. J., Brenner, A. C. Major, J. A., Bindshadler, R. A. and Marsh, J. G., 1989: Growth of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Measurement. Science, 246, 1587-1589.

Right : Björnsson, H., 1978: The surface area of glaciers in Iceland. Jökull, 28, 31.
Bradley, R., 1990: Holocene paleoclimatology of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canadian high Arctic. Quart. Sci. Reviews, 9, 365-384.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1964: Glacier research, 17, 131.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1965: Glacier research, 18, 139.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1966: Glacier research, 19, 148-150.
Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, 1967: Glacier research, 20, 184-187.
Denton, G. H., 1975: Part VIII Glaciers of the North Atrantic Islands. Chapter 3 Iceland. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL. Volume 2, 932pp.
Douglas, B. C., Cheney, R. E., Miller, L. and Agreen, R., 1990: Letter. Greenland Ice Sheet: Is it growing or shrinking? Science, 248, 228.
Eythòrsson, J., 1962: Jöklabreytingar 1960/61 og 1961/62 (in Icelandic). Jökull, 12, 37-39.
Eythòrsson, J., 1963a: Jöklabreytingar 1961/62 og 1962/63 (in Icelandic). Jökull, 13, 29-31.
Eythòrsson, J., 1963b: Variation of Iceland glaciers, 1931-1960. Jökull, 13, 31-33.
Eythòrsson, J., 1965: Jöklabreytingar 1963/64 og 1964/65 (In Icelandic). Jökull, 15, 148-150.
Fahn, C., 1975: Part VIII Glaciers of Arctic Canada. Chapter 1 Northern Labrador. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Falconer, G., 1962: Glaciers of Northern Baffin and Bylot Islands, N. W. T. Geographical Paper n. 33, Geographical Branch, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa, 31pp. quoted in Mercer, J. H., 1975: Part VIII Glaciersof Arctic Canada. Chapter 2 Baffin and Byolt Island. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Field, W. O. ed., 1975: Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. Vols. 1 & 2, CRREL, New Ha m-pshire, 698pp. & 932pp.
Grosswald, M. G., Krenke, A. N., Vinogradov, O. N., Markin, V. A. Psariova, t. v., Razumeiko, N. G. and Sukhodrovsky, V. L., 1973: Glaciersof the Franz Josef Land. Nauka, Moscow, 345pp.
Grosval'd, M. G. and Kotlyakov, V. M., 1969: Presentday glaciers in the U. S. S. R. and some data on their mass balance. J. Glaciol., 8 (52) , 9-22.
Govorukha, L. S., 1988: The present state of ice cap islands in the Soviet Arctic. Polar Geography and Geology, 12, 312-316.
Govorukha, L. S., Bol'shiyanov, D. Yu., Zarkhidze, V. S. Pinchuk, L. Ya. and Yunak, R. I., 1987:Change sin the glacier cover of Severaya Zamlya in the twentieth century. Polar Geography and Geology, 11, 300-305.
Hagen, J. O. and Listøl, O., 1990: Long-term glacier mass-balance investigations in Svalbard, 1950-88. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 102-106.
Hagen, J. O., Listøl, O., Roland, E., Jørgensen, T., 1993: Glacier atlas of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Meddelelser Nr. 129, Norsk Polar institiutt, Oslo.141pp.
Hattersley-Smith, G. Lotz, J. R. and Sager, R. B., 1961: The ablation season on Gilman glacier, Northern Ellesmere Island. International Association for Scientific Hydrology (IASH), 54, 152-168.
Hattersley-Smith, G. and Serson, H., 1970: Mass balance of the Ward Hunt Ice Rise and Ice Shelf: a 10 year record. J. Glaciol., 9 (56), 247-251.
Hayes, I. I., 1867: The open polar sea, a narrative of avoyage of discovery towards the North Pole in theSchooner “United States”quot;. Hurd and Houton, NewYork, 415pp. quoted in Kiteme, B., 1975: Part II Glaciers of EasternEurope and Northern Asia in the Soviet Union. Chapter 1 The Arctic Islands of the Soviet Union. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northrn Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1967: Fluctuations of glaciers 1959-1965 (Vol. I ). ed. P. Kasser, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1973: Fluctuations of glaciers 1965-1970 (Vol. II). ed. P. Kasser, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1977: Fluctuations of glaciers 1970-1975 (Vol. III). ed. F. Muller, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1985: Fluctuations of glaciers 1975-1980 (Vol. IV). ed. W. Haeberli, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1988: Fluctuations of glaciers 1980-1985 (Vol. V).ed. W. Haeberli and P. Muller, Paris.
IAHS-UNESCO, 1993: Fluctuations of glaciers 1985-1990 (Vol. VI). eds. W. Haeberli and M.Hoelzle, Paris.
Jóhannesson, T., 1986: The response time of glaciers in Iceland to changes to climate. Ann. Glaciol., 8, 100-101.
Kaplin, P. A., 1958: The retreat of the Novaya Zemlya glaciers (in Russia). Priroda (Nature), 3, March, 88-90.
Kasser, P. and Muller, F., 1960: Uber die Gletscheranderungen seit 1900 in den schweizer Alpen (in German). Wasser-und Energiewirtshaft, 8 (10), 2 27-233.
Kiteme, B., 1975: Part II Glaciers of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia in the Soviet Union. Chapter 1 The Arctic Islands of the Soviet Union. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Koerner, R. M. 1968: Fabric analysis of a core from the Meighen Ice Cap, Northwest Territories, Canada. J. Glaciol., 7, 421-430.
Koerner, R. M., 1977: Devon Island Ice Cap: Core stratigraphy and paleoclimate. Science, 196 (4285), 15-18.
Koerner, R. M. and Paterson, W. S. B. (1974):Analysis of a core through the Meighen Ice Cap, Arctic Canada, and its paleoclimatic implications. Quaternary Res., 4, 253-263.
Lefauconnier, B. and Hagen, J. O., 1990: Glaciers and climate in Svalbard: statistical analysis and reconstruction of the Broggerbreen mass balance for the last 77 years. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 148-152 Lefauconnier, B. and Hagen, J. O., 1991: Surging and calving glaciers in Eastern Svalbard. Meddelelser Nr. 116, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo, 130pp.
Lefauconnier, B. 1991: Recent fluctuations of glaciers in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Inter-Nord, 19, 449-453.
Løken, O. H. and Andrews, J. T., 1966: Glaciology and chronology of fluctuations of the ice margin at the south of the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, N. W. T. Geographical Bulletin, 8 (4), 341-359.
Løken, O. H. and Sager, R. B., 1967: Mass balance obervations on the Barnes ice cap, Baffin Island, Island, Canada. International Association for Scientific Hydrology (IASH), 79, 282-291.
MacMillan, D. B. 1928: Geographical Report of the Crocker Island Land Expedition, 1913-17. Bull. Amer. Museum Natural Hist., 56, 379-435.
Mercer, J. H., 1975a: Part VIII Glaciers of Arctic Canada. Chapter 2. Baffin and Bylot Island.In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Mercer, J. H., 1975b: Part VIII Glaciers of Arcitic Canada. Chapter 3. Queen Elizabeth Islands.In Field, W. O. ed., Mountain glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Muller, F., 1962: Glacier mass-budget studies on Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. International Association for Scientific Hydrology (IASH), 58, 282-291.
Odell, N. E., 1933: The mountains of Northern Labrador. Geog. Jour., 82 (3), 193-210; 315-325. quoted in Fahn, C., 1975: Part VIII. Glaciers of Arctic Canada. Chapter 1. Northern Labrador. In Field, W. O. ed., Mountainglaciers of the Northern Hemisphers. CRREL, Volume 2, 932pp.
Ohmura, A., 1987: Heat budget of the climate system between the Last Glacial Maximum amd the Present. Bulletin of the Departmentof Geography University of Tokyo, 19, 21-28.
Reeh, N., 1983: Ikke-statioaer beregningsmodel for Inlandsisens randzone (in Danish). Gronland Geol. Unders. Gletscher-hydrol. Meddr 83/7, 81 pp.
Rist, S., 1967, 74, 77, 78, 81-83 and 85-87: Joklbreytingar 1964/65, 1965/66 og 1966/67, (in Icelandic), Jokull, 17 (1967), 321-325.; 1931/64, 1964/73 og 1973/74, 24 (1974) , 77-82.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-76 (2àr) og 1976/76 (2àr) og 1976/77, 27 (1977), 88-93. : 1974/75-1976/73 (3àr) og 1977/78, 28 (1978), 61-65.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1977/78 (4àr) og 1978/79, 31 (1981), 37-41.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1979/80 (6àr) og 1980/81, 32 (1982), 121-126.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1980 81 (7àr) og 1981/82, 33 (1983), 141-145.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1982/83 (9àr) og 1983/84, 35 (1985), 111-117.; 1964/65-1973/74 (10àr), 1974/75-1983/84 (10àr) og 1984/85, 36 (1986), 83-89.; 1964-1974 (10àr), 1974-1985 (11àr) og 1985/86, 37 (1987), 85-90.
Sager, R. B., 1966: Climatological and glaciological studies on the Barnes ice cap, 1962-1963 and 1964, Geogr. Bull., 8 (1), 3-47.
Sharp, M. and Dugmore, A. 1985: Holocene glacier fluctuations in Eastern Iceland. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 21, 341-349.
Sigurðsson, O., 1989: Jo klabreytingar 1930-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-1987 og 1987-1988 (in Icelandic with English abstract). Jokull, 39, 108-113.
Sigurosson, O., 1990: Joklabreytingar 1930-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-1988 og 1988-1989 (in Icelandic with English abstract). Jokull, 40, 169-174.
Sigurosson, O., 1991: Joklabreytingar 1930-1960, 1960-1990 og 1989-1990 (in Icelandic with English abstract). Jokull, 41, 88-96.
Thorarinsson, S., 1943: Vatnajokull, Scientific results of the Swedish-Icelandic Investigations 1936-37-38. Part XI. Oscillations of the Icelandic glaciers in the last 250 years. Geog. Annaler, 25, 1-25.
Thorarinsson, S., 1958: Area of the biggest glaciers in Iceland. Jokull, 8, 25.
Verkulich, S. R., Krusanov, A. G. and Anisimov, M. A., 1992: The present state of, and trends displayed by, the glaciers of Bennett Island in the past 40 years. Polar Geography and Geology, 16 (1). 51-57.
Voloshina, A. P., 1988: Some results of glacier mass balance research on the glaciers of the Polar Urals. Polar Geography and Geology, 12, 200-211.
Werner, A. Holocene glaciation and climatic change Spitsbergen, Svalbard, (Ph. D. thesis. University of Colorado, 1988, 296pp.)
Weidick, A. Boggild, C. E. and Knudsen, N. T., 1992: Glacier inventory and atlas of West Greenland. Gronland Geol. Unders. (GGU) Rapport 158, 194 pp.
Williams, R. S. Jr., 1986: Galcier inventories of Iceland: Evolution and use of sources of data. Ann. Glaciol., 8, 184-191.
Zwally, H. J., Brenner, A. C. Major, J. A., Bindshadler, R. A. and Marsh, J. G., 1989: Growth of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Measurement. Science, 246, 1587-1589.

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