Terrestrial investigation of the Martian landscape Flow-generated landforms by water and ice

Takanobu SAWAGAKI; Kotaro FUKUI; Shuji IWATA

doi:10.5331/seppyo.67.163

Terrestrial investigation of the Martian landscape

Flow-generated landforms by water and ice

Takanobu SAWAGAKI, Kotaro FUKUI, Shuji IWATA

Author information

Keywords: Mars, glacial landforms, rock glacier, permafrost, mega-floods

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

2005 Volume 67 Issue 2 Pages 163-178

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.67.163

Details

Published: March 15, 2005 Received: February 14, 2005 Available on J-STAGE: August 07, 2009 Accepted: February 14, 2005 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: August 07, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Albee, A.L., Palluconi, F.D. and Arvidson, R.E., 1998: Mars Global Surveyor Mission: Overview and Status. Science, 279, 1671-1672.
Alley, R.B., Cuffy, K.M., Evenson, E.B., Strasser, J.C., Lawson, D.E. and Larson, G.J., 1997: How glaciers entrain and transport basal sediment: physical constraints. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 1017-1038.
Alt, D., 1993: Glacial lake Missula: and its humongous floods. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 197pp.
Atwater, B.F. 1984: periodic floods from glacial Lake Missoula into the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia, northeastern Washington. Geology, 12, 464-467.
Baker, V.R., 1973: Paleohydrology and sedimentology of the Lake Missoula flooding in eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 144, 79.
Baker, V.R., 1997: Megafloods and glaciation. in Late Glacial and Postglacial Environmental Changes. ed. Martini, I.P., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 98-108.
Baker, V.R., 2001: Water and the martian landscape. Nature, 412, 228-236.
Baker, V.R., 2002: High-energy megafloods: planetary settings and sedimentary dynamics. in Floof and Megaflood Processes and Deposits; Recent and Ancient Examples. eds Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzon, M. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 32, 3-15.
Baker, V.R., 2003: Icy martian mysteries. Nature, 426, 779-780.
Baker, V.R. and Bunker, R.C., 1985: Cataclysmic Late Pleistocene flooding from glacial lake Missoula: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 4, 1-41.
Baker, V.R. Betino, G. and Rudoy, A.N., 1993: Paleohydrology of late Pleistocene superflooding: Altay mountains, Siberia. Science, 259, 348-350.
Baker, V.R., Strom, R.G., Gulick, V.C., Kargel, J.S., Komatsu, G. and Kale, V.S., 1991: Ancient oceans, ice sheets and hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature, 352, 589-594.
Barsh, D., 1996: Rockglaciers: Indicators for the present and former geoecology in high mountain environments. Springer, Berlin, 331pp.
Benn D. I. and Evans D. J.A., 1998: Glacier and Glaciation. Arnold, London,734pp.
Blanchon, P. and Shaw, J., 1995: Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: Evidence for catastrophic sealevel rise and ice-sheet collapse. Geology, 23,4-8.
Boulton, G.S., 1986: A paradigm shift in glaciology, Nature, 322, 18.
Boulton, G.S., 1987: A theory of drumlin formation by subglacila sediment deformation. In Mezies, J. and Rose, J.eds.: Drumlin symposium. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, 25-86.
Bretz, JH., 1923a: Glacial drainage on the Columbia Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin,. 34, 573-608.
Bretz, JH., 1923b: The Channeled Scabland of the Columbia Plateau. Journal of Geology, 31, 617-649.
Bretz, JH., 1925: The Spokane Flood beyond the Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology, 33, 97-115.
Bretz, JH., 1927: Channeled Scabland and the Spokane Flood. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 17, 200-211.
Bretz, JH., 1930: Lake Missoula and the Spokane Flood. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 41, 92-93.
Bretz, JH., 1969: The Lake Missoula floods and Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology, 77, 505-543.
Capps, S.R., 1910: Rock glacier in Alaska. Journal of Geology, 18, 359-375.
Carr, M.H., 1996: Water on Mars. Oxford University Press, New York. 248pp.
Carr, M.M. and Schaber, G.G., 1977: Martian permafrost features. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 4039- 4054.
Chinn, T.J., 1980: Glacier balances in the Dry Valleys area, Victoria Land, Antarctica. IAHS Publication, 125, 237-247.
Colaprete, A. and Jakosky B. M., 1998: Ice flow and rock glaciers on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 5897-5909.
Degenhardt J. J. Jr. and Giardino J. R., 2003: Subsurface investigation of rock glacier using ground-penetrating radar: Implications for locating stored water on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E4), doi: 10.10292002JE001888.
Engelhart, H., Humphrey, N., Kamb, B., and Fahnestock, M., 1990: Physical conditions at the base of a fast-moving Antarctic ice stream, Science, 248, 57-59.
Flint, R.F., 1938: Origin of the Cheney-Palouse scabland tract, Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 48, 203-232.
Golombek, M.P, Cook R.A., Economou, T., Folkner, W.M., Haldemann, A.F.C.,Kallemeyn, P.H., Knudsen, J.M., Manning, R.M., Moore, H.J., Parker, T.J., Rieder, R., Schofield, J.T., Smith, P.H., and Vaughan, R.M. 1997: Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of Landing site predictions: Science, 278, 1743-1748.
Gould, S.J. 1965: Is Uniformitarianism Necessary, American Journal of Science, 263, 223-228.
Gulick, V.C. and Baker, V.R., 1989: Fluvial valleys and martian palaeoclimates, Nature, 341, 514-516.
Luchida, B.K., 1981: Mars and Earth: comparison of cold climate features. Icarus, 45, 264-303.
Grosswald, M.G. and Hughes, T.J., 2002: The Russian component of an Arctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 121-146.
Hartmann, W.K. and Neukum, G., 2001: Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Science Reviews, 96, 165-194.
Haeberli, W. and Vonder Mühll, D., 1996: On the characteristics and possible origin of ice in rock glacier permafrost. Zeit Srift Fur Geomorphologie. N. F., 104, 43-56.
Heaberli W., 1985: Creep of mountain permafrost: Internal structure and flow of Alpine rock glaciers. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie an der ETH Zürich, 77, 142p.
Head, J.W. and Marchant, D.R, 2003: Cold-based mountain glaciers on Mars: Western Arsia Mons. Geology, 31, 641-644.
Head, J. W., Greeley, R., Golombek, M. P., Hartmann, W. K., Hauber, E., Jaumann, R., Masson, P., Neukum, G., Nyquist, L. E., and Carr, M. H., 2001: Geological processes and evolution. Space Science Review, 96, 263-292
Head J.W., Mustard J. E, Kreslavsky M. A., Milliken R. E. and Marchant D. R., 2003: Recent ice age on Mars. Nature, 426, 797-802.
Kargel, J.S., 2004: Proof for water, hints of life? Science, 306, 1689-1691.
Kargel, J.S. and Strom, R.G., 1992: Ancient glaciation on Mars, Geology, 20, 3-7.
Komatsu, G., Miyamoto, H., Ito, K.; Tosaka, H. and Tokunaga, T., 2000: The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?: Comment. Geology 28, 573-574.
Lucchitta, B.K., 1981: Mars and Earth: comparison of cold climate features. Icarus, 45, 264-303.
Malin, M.C., Carr, M.H., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Hartmann, W.K., Ingersoll, A.P., James, P.B., Masursky, H., McEwen, A.S., Soderblom, L.A., Thomas, P., Veverka, J., Caplinger, M.A., Ravine, M.A., Soulanille, T.A., and Warren, J.L., 1998: Early Views of the Martian Surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor. Science, 279, 1681-1685.
Malin, M. C., Edgett, K. S., Davis, S. D., Caplinger, M. A., Jensen, E., Supulver, K. D., Sandoval, J., Posiolova, L. and Zimdar, R., 2001: Malin Space Science Systems Mars Orbiter Camera Image Gallery (http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/).
Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V., Jakobsson, M. and Svendsen, J.I., 2001a: Huge Ice-age lakes in Russia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 773-777.
Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V.I., Murray, A. and Svendsen, J.I., 2001b: The chronology of a large ice-dammed lake and the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet advances, Northern Russia. Global and Planetary Change, 31, 321-336.
Marchant, D. R. and Head J. W., 2003a: Tongue-shaped lobes on Mars: Morphology, nomenclature and relation to rock glacier deposits. 6th International Mars Conference, Abstract, 3091.
Marchant D. R. and Head J.W., 2003b: Tongue-shaped lobes on Mars: relation to rock glacier deposit and long-term history of emplacement. 3rd International Mars Polar Science Conference, Abstract, 8106.
Marchant, D. R., Lewis A.R., Phillips W. M., Moore E. J., Souchez R. A., Denton G. H., Sugden D. E., Potter N. Jr. and Landis G. P., 2002: Formation of patterned ground and sublimation till over Miocene glacier ice in Beacon Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 718-730.
Mulvaney, R., R? thlisberger, R., Wolff, E.W., Sommer, S., Schwander,J., Hutterli, M.A. and Jouze, J., 2000: The transition from the last glacial period in inland and near-coastal Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters,27, 2673-2676.
O'Connor, J.E., 1993: Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 274,83.
Ogawa Y., Yamagishi, Y., Kurita, K. 2003: Evaluation of melting process of the permafrost on Mars: Its implication for surface features, Journal of Geophyscal Research, 108, 8046, doi:10.1029/2002JE001886.
Pardee, J.T., 1910: The glacial Lake Missoula. Journal of Geology, 18, 376-396.
Pardee, J.T., 1940: Ripple marks (?) in glacial Lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 51, 2028-2029.
Pardee, J.T., 1942: Unusual currents in glacial Lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 53, 1569-1599.
Patterson, C.J., 1998: Laurentide glacial landscapes: The role of ice streams: Geology, 26, 643-646.
Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davis J., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V., Lorius C., Pépin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stievenard M., 1999: Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-436.
Piotrowski, J.A., Mickelson, D.M., Tulaczyk, S., Krzyszkowski, D., and Junge, F.W., 2001: Were deforming beds beneath past ice sheets really widespread? Quaternary International, 86, 139-150.
Rhoads, B.L. and Thorn, C.E. (eds.), 1996: Scientific nature of geomorphology: Proceedings of the 27th Binghamton Symposium in Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 481pp.
Rudoy, A.N., 2002: Glacier-dammed lakes and geological work of glacial superfloods in the Late Pleistocene, Southern Siberia, Altai Mountains, Quaternary International. 87, 119-140.
Rudoy , A.N. and Baker, V.R., 1993: Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Russia. Sedimentary Geology, 85, 53-62.
Ryan, W. and Pitman, W., Major, C.O., Shimkus, K., Moskalenko, V., Jones, G.A., Dimitrov, P., Goruür, N., Sakinc., and Yüce, H. 1997: An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology, 138, 119-12.
Schäfer, J. M., Baur H., Denton G. H., Ivy-Ochs S., Marchant D. R., Schlüchter C. and Wieler R., 2000: The oldest ice on Earth in Beacon Valley, Antarctica: new evidence form surface exposure dating. Earth Planetaly Science Letter, 179, 91-99.
Shaw, J., 1996: A meltwater model for Laurentide subglacial landscapes. In McCann, S.B. and Ford, D.C. eds., Geomorphology Sans Frontieres. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 181-236.
Shaw, J., 2002: The meltwater hypothesis for subglacial bedforms, Quaternary International, 90, 5-22.
Shaw, J., .Munro-Stasiuk, M. J., Sawyer, B., Beaney, C., Lesemann, J-E., Musacchio, A., Rains, R. and Young, R.R, 1999: The Channeled Scabland: back to Bretz? Geology, 27, 605-608.
Siegrt,M.J., 2000: Antarctic subglacial lakes. Earth Science Review, 50, 29-50.
Smith,.D.E, Zuber, M.T., Solomon, S.C., Phillips,R.J., Head, J.W., Garvin, J.B., Banerdt, W. B., Muhleman, D.O., Pettengill, H.G., Neumann, G.A., Lemoine, F.G., Abshire, J.B., Aharonson, O., Brown, D.C., Hauck, S.A., Ivanov, A.B., McGovern, P.J., Zwally,H.J., and Duxbury, T.C., 1999: The Global Topography of Mars and Implications for Surface Evolution. Science, 284, 1495-1503.
Steig, E. J., Fitzpatrick J.J., Potter N. Jr. and Clark D: H., 1998: The geochemical record in rock glaciers. Geografiska Annaler, 80A, 277-286.
Sugden, D. E., Marchant D. R., Potter N. Jr., Souchez R. A., Denton G. H., Swischer C. C. III and Tison J.-L., 1995: Preservation of Miocene glacier ice in East Antarctica. Nature, 376, 412-414.
Squyres, S.W., Grotzinger, J.P., Arvidson, R.E., Bell III, J. F., Calvin, W., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., Crisp, J.A., Farrand, W.H., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Klingelhofer, G., Knoll, A.H., McLennan, S.M., McSween Jr., H.Y., Morris, R.V., Rice Jr., J.W., Rieder, R., Soderblom, L.A., 2004: In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at meridiani planum, Mars. Science, 306, 1709-1714.
Waitt, R.B.Jr., 1980: About forty last-glacial Lake Missoula J?kulhlaups through southern Washington. Journal of geology, 88, 653-679.
Waitt, R.B.Jr., 1985: Case for periodic, colossal J? kulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96, 1271-1286.
Waitt, R.B.Jr., 1994: Scores of gigantic, successively smaller Lake Missoula floods through Channeled scabland and Columbia valley. In Swanson, D.A. and Haugerund, R.A. eds. Geologic field trips in the Pacific Northwest prepared for the 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting,1K1-88.
Whalley, W. B. and Martin H. E., 1992: Rock glaciers: II models and mechanisms. Progress in Physical Geography, 16, 127-186.

Right : Albee, A.L., Palluconi, F.D. and Arvidson, R.E., 1998: Mars Global Surveyor Mission: Overview and Status. Science, 279, 1671-1672.
Alley, R.B., Cuffy, K.M., Evenson, E.B., Strasser, J.C., Lawson, D.E. and Larson, G.J., 1997: How glaciers entrain and transport basal sediment: physical constraints. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 1017-1038.
Alt, D., 1993: Glacial lake Missula: and its humongous floods. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 197pp.
Atwater, B.F. 1984: periodic floods from glacial Lake Missoula into the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia, northeastern Washington. Geology, 12, 464-467.
Baker, V.R., 1973: Paleohydrology and sedimentology of the Lake Missoula flooding in eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 144, 79.
Baker, V.R., 1997: Megafloods and glaciation. in Late Glacial and Postglacial Environmental Changes. ed. Martini, I.P., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 98-108.
Baker, V.R., 2001: Water and the martian landscape. Nature, 412, 228-236.
Baker, V.R., 2002: High-energy megafloods: planetary settings and sedimentary dynamics. in Floof and Megaflood Processes and Deposits; Recent and Ancient Examples. eds Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzon, M. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 32, 3-15.
Baker, V.R., 2003: Icy martian mysteries. Nature, 426, 779-780.
Baker, V.R. and Bunker, R.C., 1985: Cataclysmic Late Pleistocene flooding from glacial lake Missoula: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 4, 1-41.
Baker, V.R. Betino, G. and Rudoy, A.N., 1993: Paleohydrology of late Pleistocene superflooding: Altay mountains, Siberia. Science, 259, 348-350.
Baker, V.R., Strom, R.G., Gulick, V.C., Kargel, J.S., Komatsu, G. and Kale, V.S., 1991: Ancient oceans, ice sheets and hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature, 352, 589-594.
Barsh, D., 1996: Rockglaciers: Indicators for the present and former geoecology in high mountain environments. Springer, Berlin, 331pp.
Benn D. I. and Evans D. J.A., 1998: Glacier and Glaciation. Arnold, London,734pp.
Blanchon, P. and Shaw, J., 1995: Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: Evidence for catastrophic sealevel rise and ice-sheet collapse. Geology, 23,4-8.
Boulton, G.S., 1986: A paradigm shift in glaciology, Nature, 322, 18.
Boulton, G.S., 1987: A theory of drumlin formation by subglacila sediment deformation. In Mezies, J. and Rose, J.eds.: Drumlin symposium. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, 25-86.
Bretz, JH., 1923a: Glacial drainage on the Columbia Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin,. 34, 573-608.
Bretz, JH., 1923b: The Channeled Scabland of the Columbia Plateau. Journal of Geology, 31, 617-649.
Bretz, JH., 1925: The Spokane Flood beyond the Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology, 33, 97-115.
Bretz, JH., 1927: Channeled Scabland and the Spokane Flood. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 17, 200-211.
Bretz, JH., 1930: Lake Missoula and the Spokane Flood. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 41, 92-93.
Bretz, JH., 1969: The Lake Missoula floods and Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology, 77, 505-543.
Capps, S.R., 1910: Rock glacier in Alaska. Journal of Geology, 18, 359-375.
Carr, M.H., 1996: Water on Mars. Oxford University Press, New York. 248pp.
Carr, M.M. and Schaber, G.G., 1977: Martian permafrost features. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 4039- 4054.
Chinn, T.J., 1980: Glacier balances in the Dry Valleys area, Victoria Land, Antarctica. IAHS Publication, 125, 237-247.
Colaprete, A. and Jakosky B. M., 1998: Ice flow and rock glaciers on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 5897-5909.
Degenhardt J. J. Jr. and Giardino J. R., 2003: Subsurface investigation of rock glacier using ground-penetrating radar: Implications for locating stored water on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E4), doi: 10.10292002JE001888.
Engelhart, H., Humphrey, N., Kamb, B., and Fahnestock, M., 1990: Physical conditions at the base of a fast-moving Antarctic ice stream, Science, 248, 57-59.
Flint, R.F., 1938: Origin of the Cheney-Palouse scabland tract, Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 48, 203-232.
Golombek, M.P, Cook R.A., Economou, T., Folkner, W.M., Haldemann, A.F.C.,Kallemeyn, P.H., Knudsen, J.M., Manning, R.M., Moore, H.J., Parker, T.J., Rieder, R., Schofield, J.T., Smith, P.H., and Vaughan, R.M. 1997: Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of Landing site predictions: Science, 278, 1743-1748.
Gould, S.J. 1965: Is Uniformitarianism Necessary, American Journal of Science, 263, 223-228.
Gulick, V.C. and Baker, V.R., 1989: Fluvial valleys and martian palaeoclimates, Nature, 341, 514-516.
Luchida, B.K., 1981: Mars and Earth: comparison of cold climate features. Icarus, 45, 264-303.
Grosswald, M.G. and Hughes, T.J., 2002: The Russian component of an Arctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 121-146.
Hartmann, W.K. and Neukum, G., 2001: Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Science Reviews, 96, 165-194.
Haeberli, W. and Vonder Mühll, D., 1996: On the characteristics and possible origin of ice in rock glacier permafrost. Zeit Srift Fur Geomorphologie. N. F., 104, 43-56.
Heaberli W., 1985: Creep of mountain permafrost: Internal structure and flow of Alpine rock glaciers. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie an der ETH Zürich, 77, 142p.
Head, J.W. and Marchant, D.R, 2003: Cold-based mountain glaciers on Mars: Western Arsia Mons. Geology, 31, 641-644.
Head, J. W., Greeley, R., Golombek, M. P., Hartmann, W. K., Hauber, E., Jaumann, R., Masson, P., Neukum, G., Nyquist, L. E., and Carr, M. H., 2001: Geological processes and evolution. Space Science Review, 96, 263-292
Head J.W., Mustard J. E, Kreslavsky M. A., Milliken R. E. and Marchant D. R., 2003: Recent ice age on Mars. Nature, 426, 797-802.
Kargel, J.S., 2004: Proof for water, hints of life? Science, 306, 1689-1691.
Kargel, J.S. and Strom, R.G., 1992: Ancient glaciation on Mars, Geology, 20, 3-7.
Komatsu, G., Miyamoto, H., Ito, K.; Tosaka, H. and Tokunaga, T., 2000: The Channeled Scabland: Back to Bretz?: Comment. Geology 28, 573-574.
Lucchitta, B.K., 1981: Mars and Earth: comparison of cold climate features. Icarus, 45, 264-303.
Malin, M.C., Carr, M.H., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Hartmann, W.K., Ingersoll, A.P., James, P.B., Masursky, H., McEwen, A.S., Soderblom, L.A., Thomas, P., Veverka, J., Caplinger, M.A., Ravine, M.A., Soulanille, T.A., and Warren, J.L., 1998: Early Views of the Martian Surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor. Science, 279, 1681-1685.
Malin, M. C., Edgett, K. S., Davis, S. D., Caplinger, M. A., Jensen, E., Supulver, K. D., Sandoval, J., Posiolova, L. and Zimdar, R., 2001: Malin Space Science Systems Mars Orbiter Camera Image Gallery (http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/).
Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V., Jakobsson, M. and Svendsen, J.I., 2001a: Huge Ice-age lakes in Russia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 773-777.
Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V.I., Murray, A. and Svendsen, J.I., 2001b: The chronology of a large ice-dammed lake and the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet advances, Northern Russia. Global and Planetary Change, 31, 321-336.
Marchant, D. R. and Head J. W., 2003a: Tongue-shaped lobes on Mars: Morphology, nomenclature and relation to rock glacier deposits. 6th International Mars Conference, Abstract, 3091.
Marchant D. R. and Head J.W., 2003b: Tongue-shaped lobes on Mars: relation to rock glacier deposit and long-term history of emplacement. 3rd International Mars Polar Science Conference, Abstract, 8106.
Marchant, D. R., Lewis A.R., Phillips W. M., Moore E. J., Souchez R. A., Denton G. H., Sugden D. E., Potter N. Jr. and Landis G. P., 2002: Formation of patterned ground and sublimation till over Miocene glacier ice in Beacon Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 718-730.
Mulvaney, R., R? thlisberger, R., Wolff, E.W., Sommer, S., Schwander,J., Hutterli, M.A. and Jouze, J., 2000: The transition from the last glacial period in inland and near-coastal Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters,27, 2673-2676.
O'Connor, J.E., 1993: Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 274,83.
Ogawa Y., Yamagishi, Y., Kurita, K. 2003: Evaluation of melting process of the permafrost on Mars: Its implication for surface features, Journal of Geophyscal Research, 108, 8046, doi:10.1029/2002JE001886.
Pardee, J.T., 1910: The glacial Lake Missoula. Journal of Geology, 18, 376-396.
Pardee, J.T., 1940: Ripple marks (?) in glacial Lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 51, 2028-2029.
Pardee, J.T., 1942: Unusual currents in glacial Lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 53, 1569-1599.
Patterson, C.J., 1998: Laurentide glacial landscapes: The role of ice streams: Geology, 26, 643-646.
Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davis J., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V., Lorius C., Pépin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stievenard M., 1999: Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-436.
Piotrowski, J.A., Mickelson, D.M., Tulaczyk, S., Krzyszkowski, D., and Junge, F.W., 2001: Were deforming beds beneath past ice sheets really widespread? Quaternary International, 86, 139-150.
Rhoads, B.L. and Thorn, C.E. (eds.), 1996: Scientific nature of geomorphology: Proceedings of the 27th Binghamton Symposium in Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 481pp.
Rudoy, A.N., 2002: Glacier-dammed lakes and geological work of glacial superfloods in the Late Pleistocene, Southern Siberia, Altai Mountains, Quaternary International. 87, 119-140.
Rudoy , A.N. and Baker, V.R., 1993: Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Russia. Sedimentary Geology, 85, 53-62.
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Abstract

Recent images from a series of NASA's and ESA's Mars spacecraft missions have provided greater details of the Martian landscape. At present, the surface of Mars is extremely cold and dry; a similar environment on Earth is the so-called “polar desert”. Landforms of the inland mountains of Antarctica are generally regarded as the best analogous forms to those on Mars. Large-scale fluvial landforms on Mars, which suggest that liquid water once flowed on the surface, have been recognized. Furthermore, topographic forms similar to glacial or periglacial origins on Earth have been suggested to occur on Mars. However, the criteria for the formation of rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers on Earth are not directly applicable to those on Mars. The debris covers of the glaciers on Mars are possibly formed in a manner similar to the formation of the sublimation till cover found in Antarctica.

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