2026 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 43-63
To effectively utilize renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic power generation (PV), which fluctuates in output depending on weather conditions, it is effective to store surplus electricity in stationary batteries (BT) or electric vehicles (EV) and use it later. This study evaluates the potential for electricity supply-demand adjustment, annual costs, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the introduction and integration of PV, BT, and EV in non-residential buildings. The evaluation targets include an office building in Kitakyushu City, whose electricity demand was measured, and four other types of facilities modeled from building data: an office, a business hotel, a small retail store, and a middle school, with their electricity demand estimated. The study evaluated the impacts of five scenarios: (1) no introduction of PV, EV, or BT, (2) introduction of PV only, (3) introduction of both PV and BT, (4) introduction of PV and EV without V2B functionality, and (5) introduction of V2B (Vehicle-to-Building). The results reveal that the effectiveness of electricity supply-demand adjustment varies depending on the EV (V2B) operation schedule. V2B achieves the greatest reduction in CO2 emissions and contributes to cost savings through reduced grid electricity and gasoline consumption. However, when considering the initial cost of V2B implementation, its economic benefit is limited.
