Fagucityモデルを用いた有機化学物質の環境中挙動に及ぼす土壌深の影響解析

魏 永芬; 小原 裕三; 西森 基貴

doi:10.11353/sesj1988.19.99

Effect of soil layer thickness on the environmental fate of organic chemicals by the sensitivity analysis using fugacity model

Yongfen WEI, Yuso KOBARA, Motoki NISHIMORI

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Keywords: multimedia model, EQC, environmental persistence, sensitivity , soil depth,uncultivated soil

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

2006 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 99-112

DOI https://doi.org/10.11353/sesj1988.19.99

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Published: March 31, 2006 Received: February 25, 2005 Available on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010 Accepted: October 17, 2005 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: June 28, 2010 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1) UNEP (1998) Report of the intergovernmental negotiation committee for an international legally binding instrument for implementing internationall action on certain persistent organic pollutants on the work of its first session. UNEP-report, UNEP/POPS/INC.1/7. (httpJ/www.pops.int/documents/meetings/)
2) Mackay, D. (2001) Multimedia environmental models.The fugacity approach, second edition. Chapter 3,environmental chemicals and their properties, 37-39.
4) Wania, F, Mackay, D. (2000) The global distribution model. A non-steady state multi-compartmental mass balance model of the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the global environment. Technical Report, (http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~wania/)
5) Brands, L.J., Den Hollander, H. and Van de meent, D.(1996) SimpleBox 2.0: a nested multimedia fate model for evaluating the environmental fate of chemicals. RIVM report No. 719101029.
6) Mackay, D., Guardo, A.D., Paterson, S. and Cowan, C.E. (1996) Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 15(9), 1627-1637.
7) Scheringer, M. (1996) Persistence and spatial range as endpoints of an exposure-based assessment of organic chemicals. Environmental science and technology, 30, 1652-1659.
8) Wania, F., Persson J., Di Guardo A and McLachlan M.S. (2000) A fugacity-based multi-compartmental mass balance model of the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the coastal zone. WECC-report 1.
9) Prevedouros, K., MacLeod, M., Jones, K.C., Sweetman, A.J., 2004, Modelling the fate of persistent organic pollutants in Europe: parameterization of a gridded distribution model. Environmental pollution. 128, 251-261.
10) Mackay D, Paterson, S., Kicsi, G., Di Guardo, A., Cowan, C.E. (1996) Assessing the Fate of New and Existing Chemicals: A Five Stage Process.Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 15(9), 1618-1626.
11) Mackay, D., Webster, E., Cousins, I., Cahill, T., Foster, K. and Gouin, T. (2001) An introduction to multimedia models. Final report prepared as a background paper for OECD workshop. Ottawa. CEMC report No. 200102. (http://www.trentu.ca/cemc/reports.html)
12) Gouin, T., Mackay, D. and Cowan-Ellsberry, C. (2001) A review and discussion of scientific and regulatory definitions of environmental persistence. PartIII modeld used to estimate persistence. CEMC report No. 200103. (http://www.trentu.ca/cemc/reports.html)
13) Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (2000) A comparison of overall persistence values and atmospheric travel distances calculated by various multimedia fate models. WECC report 2. (http://www.scar.utoronto.cahwania/downloads3.html)
14) Miglioranza, K.S.B., Aizpun de Moreno, J.E., Moreno, V.J., Osterrieh, M.L. and Escalante, A.H. (1999) Fate of organchlorine pesticides in soils and terrestrial biota of "Los Padres" pond watershed, Argentina. Environmental pollution, 105, 91-99.
15) Harner, T., Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.M.M. and Macky, D. (2001) Soil-air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the united states cotton belt. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 20(7), 1612-1621.
17) Dalla Valle, M., Jurado, E., Dachs, J., Sweetman, A.J. Jones, K.C. (2005) The maximum reservoir capacity of soils for persistent organic pollutants: implications for global cycling. Environmental pollution, 134, 153-164.
18) Brzuzy, L.P. and Hites, R.A. (1995) Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins from soils. Environmental science & technology, 29(8), 2090-2098.
19) Brzuzy, L.P. and Mites, R.A. (1996) Global mass balance for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental science & technology, 30(6), 1797-1804.
20) Trapido, M. (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Estonia soils: contamination and profiles. Environmental pollution, 105, 67-74.
21) Aamot, E., Steinnes, E. and Schmid, R. (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Norwegian forest soils: impact of long atmospheric transport,Environmental pollution, 92(3), 275-280.
22) Miglioranza, K.S.B. et al. (1999) Fate of organnochlorine pesitides in soils and terrestrial biota of Los Padres pond watershed, Argentina. Environmentalpollution, 105, 91-99.
23) Wilcke, W. et al. (1996) PAH-pools in soils along a PAH-deposition gradient. Environmental pollution, 92(3), 307-313.
24) Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., Teil, M.J., Blanchard, M. and Chevreuil, M. (2004) Distribution and spatial trends of PAHs and PCHs in soils in the Seine River basin, France. Chemosphere, 55, 555-565.
25) Wilcke, W. and Amelung, W. (2000) Persistence organic pollution in native grassland soils along a climo-sequence in North America. Soil science societyof America journal, 64, 2140-2148.
26) Webster, E., Mackay, D. and Wania, F. (1998) Evaluating environmental persistence. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 17(11), 2148-2158.
27) Cousins, T., Mackay, D. (2001) Strategies for including vegetation compartments in multimedia models. Chemosphere 44, 643-654.
28) Environment Canada (1995) Toxic substances management policy, persistence and bioaccumulation criteria. En 40-499/1-1995. Ottawa, ON, Canada.
29) Wania, F. (1998) An integrated criterion for the persistence of organic chemicals based on model calculations. WECC Report 1/98.
30) Andreas Beyer, D.S. and Matthies, M. (2001) Criteria for atmospheric long-range transport potential and persistence of pesticides and industrial chemicals. Report No. UBA-FB.
31) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/6111835964. pdf: guidelines for the testing of chemicals, revised proposal for a new guideline 312.
32) Tomlin, CDS (1997) The pesticide manual, eleventh edition. British crop protection council.
33) McCall, P.J., Swann, R.L., Laskowski, D.A., Unger, SM., Vrona, S.A and Dishburger, H.J. (1980) Estimation of chemical mobility in soil liquid chromatographic retention times. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 24, 190-195.

Right : 1) UNEP (1998) Report of the intergovernmental negotiation committee for an international legally binding instrument for implementing internationall action on certain persistent organic pollutants on the work of its first session. UNEP-report, UNEP/POPS/INC.1/7. (httpJ/www.pops.int/documents/meetings/)
2) Mackay, D. (2001) Multimedia environmental models.The fugacity approach, second edition. Chapter 3,environmental chemicals and their properties, 37-39.
4) Wania, F, Mackay, D. (2000) The global distribution model. A non-steady state multi-compartmental mass balance model of the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the global environment. Technical Report, (http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/-wania/)
5) Brands, L.J., Den Hollander, H. and Van de meent, D.(1996) SimpleBox 2.0: a nested multimedia fate model for evaluating the environmental fate of chemicals. RIVM report No. 719101029.
6) Mackay, D., Guardo, A.D., Paterson, S. and Cowan, C.E. (1996) Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 15(9), 1627-1637.
7) Scheringer, M. (1996) Persistence and spatial range as endpoints of an exposure-based assessment of organic chemicals. Environmental science and technology, 30, 1652-1659.
8) Wania, F., Persson J., Di Guardo A and McLachlan M.S. (2000) A fugacity-based multi-compartmental mass balance model of the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the coastal zone. WECC-report 1.
9) Prevedouros, K., MacLeod, M., Jones, K.C., Sweetman, A.J., 2004, Modelling the fate of persistent organic pollutants in Europe: parameterization of a gridded distribution model. Environmental pollution. 128, 251-261.
10) Mackay D, Paterson, S., Kicsi, G., Di Guardo, A., Cowan, C.E. (1996) Assessing the Fate of New and Existing Chemicals: A Five Stage Process.Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 15(9), 1618-1626.
11) Mackay, D., Webster, E., Cousins, I., Cahill, T., Foster, K. and Gouin, T. (2001) An introduction to multimedia models. Final report prepared as a background paper for OECD workshop. Ottawa. CEMC report No. 200102. (http://www.trentu.ca/cemc/reports.html)
12) Gouin, T., Mackay, D. and Cowan-Ellsberry, C. (2001) A review and discussion of scientific and regulatory definitions of environmental persistence. PartIII modeld used to estimate persistence. CEMC report No. 200103. (http://www.trentu.ca/cemc/reports.html)
13) Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (2000) A comparison of overall persistence values and atmospheric travel distances calculated by various multimedia fate models. WECC report 2. (http://www.scar.utoronto.cahwania/downloads3.html)
14) Miglioranza, K.S.B., Aizpun de Moreno, J.E., Moreno, V.J., Osterrieh, M.L. and Escalante, A.H. (1999) Fate of organchlorine pesticides in soils and terrestrial biota of "Los Padres" pond watershed, Argentina. Environmental pollution, 105, 91-99.
15) Harner, T., Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.M.M. and Macky, D. (2001) Soil-air exchange model of persistent pesticides in the united states cotton belt. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 20(7), 1612-1621.
17) Dalla Valle, M., Jurado, E., Dachs, J., Sweetman, A.J. Jones, K.C. (2005) The maximum reservoir capacity of soils for persistent organic pollutants: implications for global cycling. Environmental pollution, 134, 153-164.
18) Brzuzy, L.P. and Hites, R.A. (1995) Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins from soils. Environmental science & technology, 29(8), 2090-2098.
19) Brzuzy, L.P. and Mites, R.A. (1996) Global mass balance for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental science & technology, 30(6), 1797-1804.
20) Trapido, M. (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Estonia soils: contamination and profiles. Environmental pollution, 105, 67-74.
21) Aamot, E., Steinnes, E. and Schmid, R. (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Norwegian forest soils: impact of long atmospheric transport,Environmental pollution, 92(3), 275-280.
22) Miglioranza, K.S.B. et al. (1999) Fate of organnochlorine pesitides in soils and terrestrial biota of Los Padres pond watershed, Argentina. Environmentalpollution, 105, 91-99.
23) Wilcke, W. et al. (1996) PAH-pools in soils along a PAH-deposition gradient. Environmental pollution, 92(3), 307-313.
24) Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., Teil, M.J., Blanchard, M. and Chevreuil, M. (2004) Distribution and spatial trends of PAHs and PCHs in soils in the Seine River basin, France. Chemosphere, 55, 555-565.
25) Wilcke, W. and Amelung, W. (2000) Persistence organic pollution in native grassland soils along a climo-sequence in North America. Soil science societyof America journal, 64, 2140-2148.
26) Webster, E., Mackay, D. and Wania, F. (1998) Evaluating environmental persistence. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 17(11), 2148-2158.
27) Cousins, T., Mackay, D. (2001) Strategies for including vegetation compartments in multimedia models. Chemosphere 44, 643-654.
28) Environment Canada (1995) Toxic substances management policy, persistence and bioaccumulation criteria. En 40-499/1-1995. Ottawa, ON, Canada.
29) Wania, F. (1998) An integrated criterion for the persistence of organic chemicals based on model calculations. WECC Report 1/98.
30) Andreas Beyer, D.S. and Matthies, M. (2001) Criteria for atmospheric long-range transport potential and persistence of pesticides and industrial chemicals. Report No. UBA-FB.
31) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/6111835964. pdf: guidelines for the testing of chemicals, revised proposal for a new guideline 312.
32) Tomlin, CDS (1997) The pesticide manual, eleventh edition. British crop protection council.
33) McCall, P.J., Swann, R.L., Laskowski, D.A., Unger, SM., Vrona, S.A and Dishburger, H.J. (1980) Estimation of chemical mobility in soil liquid chromatographic retention times. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 24, 190-195.

Abstract

Soil depth is an important parameter used in multimedia models for estimating the environmental fate of bio-accumulative chemicals in such uncultivated land as forest and grassland. In this study, by using six hypothetical chemicals with different Log K_OW values as the targets, the impacts of changes in the uncultivated soil depth upon the environmental persistence and the mass fraction partitions of these chemicals were evaluated under four different emission scenarios based on the well-used EQC model. The results showed that, for all emission scenarios, the environmental persistence and the mass fraction partitions varied in terms of the soil depths. The most remarkable variance was found for both scenarios that represented a complete emission to soil and an equal emission to air, water and soil, respectively. Besides, sensibility analysis results indicated that, for chemicals having Log K_OW values above four, the impacts of changes in the soil depth became no longer notable; and a tendency of residence within the surface 5 cm layer of the soil medium was revealed. These coincided with those obtained based on the OECD guideline and other existing data, thus suggesting that a depth of 5-20 cm for uncultivated soils, which has been conventionally used in existing multimedia models, may overestimate the contribution of the soil medium. It is concluded that soil depth of 5 cm is sufficient; especially for multimedia models aimed for assessment of the environmental fate of highly bio-accumulative chemicals having Log K_OW above four.

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