Microbial contamination and countermeasures in home bathrooms and toilets

Abstract

Various microorganisms live in our homes. With greater awareness of sanitation, people worry about soap scum, skin oils, water stains, urine stone, mold, biofilm, fungi, and odors. Black mold on floors and walls and pink stains on drains indicate microbial contamination and can cause discomfort. This paper describes the major microbes responsible for visible discoloration in home bathrooms; explains mechanisms and features of mold contamination; explains the effects of temperature, humidity, and grime components on the growth of microbes; and introduces simple and effective countermeasures for fungi. Attention to urine splatter appears in the change of the male small style in the home. This paper explains the mechanism of urine splatter and how it contributes to microbial spread, the relationship between microbes and odor, and effective countermeasures.