Modernization of Geodetic Surveying Calculations in Japan

Abstract

　Geodetic surveying in Japan was started by the army in the late 19th century, based on German geodesy. Therefore, experience tended to be more important than theory in the implementation of surveying, and this trend continues to this day. This report discusses the recent GNSS surveying based on the numerical results of (1) observation equations based on the projection method, (2) weight of GNSS observations, and (3) quality control of geodetic surveying results.