Abstract
Neuronavigation of the spine has evolved over many years from plain radiography to fluoroscopy, to frameless stereotactic guidance and now ultimately to virtual fluoroscopy. The development of these newer technologies has aided surgeons in more accurate placement of instrumentation. Current neuro-navigation systems employ either frameless stereotactic systems or virtual fluoroscopy. By being able to place spinal instrumentation with millimetric or submillimetric accuracy, the changes for vascular or neurological injury are reduced. Other benefits such as decreased operating time, was well as reduced patient's and surgeon's exposure to ionizing radiation have also been reallized.
