Abstract
Esping-Andersen asserted that social security systems prevent a worker from commodifying labor force. But, de-commodification doesn't catch the gender bias of poverty rate. I construct the de-destitution index about social security pension. De-destitution index is additive scores. It includes following items: universality of pensions, contributions of worker/contributions of employer, minimum benefit levels (minimum pension level/average wages of manufacturing industry workers), maximum benefit levels (maximum pension level / average wages of manufacturing industry workers), indexation of pension benefits, pension receipt qualification. Especially, pension universality and pension receipt qualifications are included in this index to describe the gender bias of poverty rate. Based on Pooled-Time-Series Regression Analysis, it was found that the scores are decreasing in social democratic regime countries because of population ageing. Demographic trends are probably more decisive factors in retrenchment of pension benefits than in economic globalization. Nevertheless, convergence towards a residual pension model wouldn't happen in social democratic regime countries, because basic pension structures have been maintained until now. If the partially funded parts of pensions are broadened in the future, these pension systems would converge to a residual pension model.
