Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically map recent original research on mindfulness-based breathing techniques (MB) using a scoping review approach, with a focus on identifying research trends and gaps. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed and PsycINFO, targeting studies published between 2020 and 2025. Studies involving healthy adults and examining MB as a standalone intervention were included, resulting in a final sample of 20 articles that met the eligibility criteria. Across the studies included, a wide range of outcomes—psychological, cognitive, and physiological—were assessed, reflecting a multidimensional approach to evaluating the effects of MB. While the findings generally suggested beneficial effects, some studies did not employ direct measures of mindfulness states. Therefore, although the observed outcomes may be attributable to mindfulness processes, caution is warranted in interpreting these effects. Regarding intervention characteristics, common core processes were identified, including non-judgmental attention to the breath and the refocusing of attention when distracted. However, variability was observed in practice duration and implementation settings. Notably, many studies employed relatively short-duration interventions, suggesting potential advantages in terms of feasibility and applicability, particularly for beginners and in educational or clinical contexts. Despite these promising findings, important limitations were identified. In particular, the sustainability of effects and optimal intervention conditions remain insufficiently examined. Future research should aim to clarify the definition and structural components of MB, ensure the appropriate selection of outcome measures, and adopt longitudinal study designs integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Addressing these issues will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and applications of mindfulness-based breathing techniques.
