The Annals of physiological anthropology

Dietary Salt Intake and Blood Pressure among School children

Tomoko YAMAUCHI, Masashi FURUTA, Junzo HAMADA, Takaaki KONDO, Hisataka SAKAKIBARA, Masaru MIYAO

Released: February 08, 2008

P329-336

We studied the relationship between dietary sait [ntake, urinary salt excretion, blood pressure and anthropometric measurements in 322 Japanese schoolchildren, aged between 6 and ll years. Two surveys were carried out : one among a small group of 22 children from the 322, and one involving all 322. In the former group, both a detailed and a simplified dietary questionnaire were used, and nocturnal'and 24 hr urinary salt excretion samples were collected. The latter group's survey used only the simplified questionnaire and nocturnal salt excretion measurements. The surveys from the two different groups were then compared to each other. It was found that the simplified questionnaire and nocturnal urinary samples were statistically accurate enough to be used for the purpose of this study. From the latter survey, dietary salt intake among the children was 7.5±2.7 g per day, (mean+SD), and 65 pupils (20%) consumed more than 10 g of salt per day. It was also found that nocturnal urinary salt excretion levels were 1.47±0.82 g per day, with 30 pupils (9.3%) registering levels of more than 2.5 g per day. There was a significant correlation between these dietary and urinary salt levels. Systolic blood pressure (SPB) among the schoolchildren showed significant correlation with age, height, weight and BMI. For diastolic blood pressure (DBP), a significant correlation was seen in age only. SBP and DBP showed little relation with either dietary salt intake or urinary salt excretion. According to the classification guidelines of the "Report of the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children" (1987), we found 13 high normal children and 5 significant hypertensive children. In this study, the use of simplified dietary questionnaires and nocturnal urinary excretion measurements was analyzed. The results suggest that early health education may be necessary to prevent hypertension in potential high risk children.

Thermal Insulation of Clothing for Seated and Standing Postures

Mika NISHIMURA, Shin-ichi TANABE, Yae HASEBE

Released: February 08, 2008

P337-343

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of body posture on thermal insulation of clothing. Clothing ensembles including skirts were mainly investigated. A new thermal manikin was developed for this study. This manikin was able to change her body posture without increasing or decreasing her surface area. By changing posture from standing to seated, the total thermal insulation of clothing (It) was decreased by around 1.4%. The surface thermal resistance at nude (Ia) was increased by 8%. As a result, the basic thermal insulation of clothing (Icl) was decreased by 14%. The main reason for the decrease of basic thermal insulation (Icl) when the posture of thermal manikln changes from standing to seated was the increase of la at nude. The total thermal insulation of clothing for each body posture (Iti), when standing and seated, were compared. The parts affected by the changed posture were abdomen, hip and thighs, and especially under the skirt of 61cm length, the knees were most affected.

Influence of Physical Responses due to Controlled Frequency Breathing during Exercise

Hitomi TAKEDA, Toshiaki MIYAGAWA, Shigeo FUJIMOTO, Kazuya MAEDA

Released: February 08, 2008

P345-356

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of respiratory responses due to controlled frequency breathing (CFB) during steady state cycle ergometric exercise (50% of Peak VO₂, 60rpm) and to compare their responses between long distance (L), badminton (B), Swimming (S) and untrained (C ; Control) group. Twenty-two (n=6 ; L, B, C.n=4 ; S) female university students were forced to take CFB for I min every 3 min during 20 min exercise. The breathing frequencies (BR) were 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30 frequencies in a minute. They were represented by CFB10, CFB12, CFB15, CFB20 and CFB30 respectively. In addition, CFB5, and 40 were given in a separate series. Ventiratory volume (VE) decreased significantly, (P 0.05) when BR decreased less than about 50% of normal breathing (NB), CFB15 in (B) and (C). It showed to be less than CFB12 in (S), and CFB10 in (L). According to the decrease of VE, tidal volume and 02 pulse increased during CFB 10 and 15 in all groups to maintain a constant O₂ consumption for a given workload. End tidal partial pressure of O₂ (PET02) significantly decreased during less than CFB15 in (B) and (C), during CFBIO in (L). PETCO₂ increased during less than CFB15 in (B), less than CFB12 in (L) and (C). However in (S) during every CFB, neither PETO₂ nor PETCO₂ changed significantly. Talking about the main differences shown between the four groups, (S) and (L) significantly exceeded (C) in maintaining of VE during CFB. However, in consideration of a ratio of the frequency of CFB to that of NB, (L) could maintain VE against more strictly controlled of breathing than other groups. (B) showed similar tendencies as (C) about some responses. It is considered that these differences in respiratory responses to CFB may result from difference of the duration and the level of breathing control that were forced during their daily training rather than whether their breathing frequency during each exercise is high or low.

Comparison of Formulas for Calculating Averge Skin Temperature and their Characteristics

Tohru MOCHIDA, Kazumi SHIMAKURA, Naoto YOSHIDA

Released: February 08, 2008

P357-373

In order to obtain data of skin temperatures experiments were carried out using three healthy young Japanese males. The subjects were exposed to each of the four environments with dry bulb ternperatures of 15°C, 19°C, 25°C and 33°C. At each of these air temperatures, relative humidity and air movement were set at 50% and 0.15m/s respectively. The subjects wore only athleticshorts, seated on the meshed chair. Each subject was measured with thermisters continuously for one hour under these conditions to obtain twenty-nine regional skin temperature. The above experiments were made with one subject at a time in the test chamber. The data of skin temperatures observed were substituted into twenty-eight different weighting formulas for comparison. The present analysis revealed that the calculation from the 12-point and the 7-point skin area formulas by Hardy-DuBois showed approximate mean values of the twenty eight. Moreover, the values calculated from the formulaby Nadel et al, which was weighted by skin area and thermal sensitivity, are similar to the values calculated by the formula of Mochida, which was weighted by skin area, heat transfer coefficients and thermal sensitivity. Furthermore, the authors verified that the area-mean weighting factor was derived from the Teichner's definition in which a limiting value of arithmetical mean of skin temperatures gave a value of average skin temperature.

The Regional Skin Temperature of Hand under Different Clothing Conditions

Setsuko ISAJI, Kyoko YOSHIMURA, Toshiko AMANO

Released: February 08, 2008

P375-381

The change in the regional skin temperature of hand was investigated under two different clothing conditions. The skin temperatures at six points on the palm, dorsum, and middle finger of the hand, respectively, were measured by using thermister thermometers simultaneously. The measurements were performed in a climate chamber conditioned at 20°C and 65%R.H.. The subjects were 10 healthy females aged between 20 and 24 years. Five out of the 10 subjects wore light clothing (ca. 0.36 clo) and the others heavy clothing (ca. 0.75 clo). They first rested sitting on a chair for 30 min in the climate chamber before the onset of measurement. The results are as follows : 1) The skin temperature of the palm was higher than that of the other parts. Data were rather scattered in the case of the middle finger. 2) The skin temperature of the middle finger dropped to about 3°C within 20 min after the start of measurement. 3) The skin temperature of the middle finger was affected by the clothing condition. We imagine that the skin temperature of the middle finger closely relates to arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) Iocated in the finger. Clothing probably plays an important role in controlling the blood flow of the AVA vessels, and consequently the skin temperature of the middle finger changes more sensitively than other parts of the hand.

Classification of Body Shape of Male Athletes by Factor Analysis

Noriaki TSUNAWAKE, Yasuaki TAHARA, Koichi YUKAWA, Tetsuo KATSUURA, Hajime HARADA, Yasuyuki / KIKUCHI

Released: February 08, 2008

P383-392

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the body shape of athletes in comparison with adult non-athletes by factor analysis. The subjects were 210 male adult non-athletes and 485 male high school age and adult athletes participating in 13 different sporting events. Physique, skinfold thickness and body composition of each subject were measured. Measured values from adult non-athletes were analyzed by factor analysis, and body shape of the athletes was then analyzed according to these factors. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Four main factors, that is, body fat, mass, Ieg length to height ratio and length, which could explain 88.5 percent of total variance, were extracted from the measured values from adult nonathletes. 2. Similarity of body shape between sporting events was analyzed by cluster analysis. Body shape of the athletes could be classified into 3 categories : muscular and well-balanced type ; rich muscular and large-built type ; and rich muscular and long-torso type. Compared with adult non-athletes, male athletes had less body fat and greater mass except for long-distance runners. The present results suggested that the athletes had body shapes suitable to their sporting events.

Protein Metabolism in Vegans

Toyoko OKUDA, Hiroko MIYOSHI-NISHIMURA, Tomoe MAKITA, Yohko SUGAWA-KATAYAMA, Toshio HAZAMA, Tuyoshi SIMIZU, Yuzo YAMAGUCHI

Released: February 08, 2008

P393-401

To elucidate the mechanisms of adaptation to a low-energy and low-protein vegan diet, we carried out dietary surveys and nitrogen balance studies five times during one year on two women and a man who ate raw brown rice, raw green vegetables, three kinds of raw roots, fruit and salt daily. Individual subjects modified this vegan diet slightly. The mean daily energy intake of the subjects was 18, 14, and 32 kcallkg, of body weight. The loss of body weight was about 10% of the initial level. The daily nitrogen balance was -32, -33, and 1lmg N/kg of body weight. In spite of the negative nitrogen balance, the results of routine clinical tests, initially normal, did not change with the vegan diet. Ten months after the start of the vegan diet, the subjects were given ¹5N urea orally. The incorporation of ¹5N into serum proteins suggested that these subjects could utilize urea nitrogen for body protein synthesis. The level of ¹5N in serum proteins was close to the level in other normal adult men on a low-protein diet with adequate energy for 2 weeks.

Evalaution of Physical Exercise and Fatigue Sensation by CFSI (Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index)

Eriko MIZUNO, Shiho AMANO, Takeshi HOMMA, Yoshihiro MANO

Released: February 08, 2008

P403-410

Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index (CFSI) is used for workers' subjective assesment of feeling of fatigue and of symptoms. Until now, this index has been used in the analysis of members of the same occupation. The purpose of this study is to examine fatigue symptoms in workers and to assess by CFSI the effect of regular physical exercise. Study participants were an exercise group (n = 67) and a non-exercise group (n = 115) of older workers, aged from 30 to 69 years. The CFSI questionnaire was distributed to all participans and the former group (exercise) answered two descriptive questions conceming the aim and subjective effects of physical exercise. As a result, it was found that mental fatigue symptoms decreased in the exercise group even after considering the differences in managerial position, subjective senses on health and marital status which are related to degree of feelings of fatigue. Weakened vitality was significantly less in the exercise group than the non-exercise group. Therefore, we concluded that weakened vitality would be needed to be regarded on an assessment scale for effects caused by exercise. It has also been considered that we should investigate general fatigue in assessing physical fatigue relating to one's lifestyle.

Saturation Diving System at High Altitude

Masaharu SHlBAYAMI, Nobuo YAMAMA, Mizuaki Antonio SERA, Toru NAKAYAMA, Yoshihiro MANO

Released: February 08, 2008

P411-419

Practical saturation diving was firstly performed at high altitude in Japan in 1987. Its work was to change the screen which had covered the pipeline of a hydroelectric dam located 850 meters above sea level, the same operation had been conducted in 1992 and in 1993, 2 times each year (Total=5 operations) after the work. The saturation dives have lasted from six to eight days on 4 occasions and 13 days (Total duration= 4075 minutes) on I occasion, since the initial pressurization until the end of the last decompression. In each operation, there had always been involved 3 divers. They have been compressed to an equivalent depth of 45-73m in the deck decompression chamber (DDO, briefed for work and transferred to the submersible decompression chamber (SDO, which was then submersed to 53 -78m of depth. Wearing heated suit and breathing Heliox (both at the same temperature as the inside of the SDO, the divers have been locked out to perform their tasks, all monitored and supervised by the use of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The works have run uneventful and successfully until the end. The water temperature had been higher than the expected, i.e. 9-13°C in all occasions. The inside conditions of the chamber had been the following : partial pressure of nitrogen was from 0.78 ATA ; partial pressure of oxygen was from 0.35 to 0.40 ATA ; partial pressure of carbon dioxide was less than 0.005 ATA ; the inside temperature of the SDC was from 26 to 30°C . In conclusion, we consider saturation diving is a safe technique compared with scuba diving, which brings less risk of decompression sickness ; moreover, the work is thoroughly supervised and accompanied at the surface.

The Effects of lEnvironmental Thermal Cond.tion on Transitional Skin Temperature of Peripheral Parts of Human Hands and Feet during Exercise

Miho AITA, Kunio YOSHIZUMI

Released: February 08, 2008

P421-427

The effects of environmental temperature on transitional skin temperatures of peripheral parts of human hands and feet were examined during exercise to obtain basic information on thermal characteristics of heat transfer from human body to the environment. Very thin and fat male adults served as subjects who were in contrast regarding fat content. Their skin temperatures were undertaken by thermocouples in a climate chamber. The exercise was made using an ergometer at three stages of the chamber temperatures. The skin temperature of a fat subject's trunk was observed to be lower than that of thin subject due to the insulation of fat in the body. In compensation for less heat transfer from the trunk, the temperatures of peripheral parts of fat subject's hands and feet were higher than that of the thin subject. Moreover, the response of the temperature to the thermal load due to exercise was observed to be quicker. These kinds of variation were considered as due to the increase in blood flow through arteriovenous anastomoses, AVA. It seemed that AVA blood of the thin subject did not increase during resting condition at the environmental temperatures of 10 and 20°C but was accelerated by the thermal load due to exercise. In addition, the response of AVA on the foot seemed to be delayed compared with that on the hand.

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Volume And Issue List
The Annals of physiological anthropology

The Annals of physiological anthropology Vol. 13(1994) No. 6

Dietary Salt Intake and Blood Pressure among School children

Thermal Insulation of Clothing for Seated and Standing Postures

Influence of Physical Responses due to Controlled Frequency Breathing during Exercise

Comparison of Formulas for Calculating Averge Skin Temperature and their Characteristics

The Regional Skin Temperature of Hand under Different Clothing Conditions

Classification of Body Shape of Male Athletes by Factor Analysis

Protein Metabolism in Vegans

Evalaution of Physical Exercise and Fatigue Sensation by CFSI (Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index)

Saturation Diving System at High Altitude

The Effects of lEnvironmental Thermal Cond.tion on Transitional Skin Temperature of Peripheral Parts of Human Hands and Feet during Exercise

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Successor

Volume And Issue List The Annals of physiological anthropology

The Annals of physiological anthropology Vol. 13(1994) No. 6

System Maintenance

Announcement From J-STAGE

Journal Tools

Share this Title

Volume And Issue List
The Annals of physiological anthropology