This study aims to observe Rural Public Transport (RPT) service characters in Indonesia, what problems in obtaining such services and what efforts to be conducted for improvement. The research was carried out in Kulon Progo, Indonesia by collecting primary data of RPT service characters, meanwhile RPT users? assessment on service performance was obtained by distributing questionnaires to 150 respondents. The results indicated that RPT service performances (represented by headway, load factor, waiting time) are low but public perception shows conversely. They assume that RPT service is good in general and the presence of RPT is more important than its service. Implications of RPT are significant to educational and long travel which required better service performance. It is recommended to make RPT fare lower and to have broader service coverage, so subsidy is required to assist public transport operation. Finally, better service is expected to be achieved by rural society

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Railways around the world are facing capacity constraints; hence many of them are looking for a better strategic capacity planning process to allocate their capital investments in the best possible way. In this research, we developed a new capacity planning process to help planners decide how to improve the network capacity in order to meet the future demand. This process first generates possible expansion options and then determines which portions of the network need to be upgraded with what kind of capacity improvement options. Such a tool will help railway agencies maximize their return from capacity expansion projects and thus be better able to provide reliable service to their customers, and return on shareholder investment.

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The paper reports a capacity analysis on Taiwan High Speed Rail using a periodic timetabling method. First, the paper describes a periodic timetabling model for a practical railway problem. In brief, an operational timetable or the schedule capacity of a railway line is a function of the given model parameters, such headways, stopping patterns, and so on. Then, the paper provides a stochastic experiment process to analyze the schedule capacity of Taiwan high speed rail using the model. After that, the paper shows empirical results of capacity analysis and its associated sensitivity analysis. One of the major findings is that, the schedule capacity depends not only on the characteristics of the system such as headway, but also on the characteristics of demand side, such as service pattern.

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This paper presents the determinant variables of travel time and bus travel time prediction model. This study aims to assess some identified relevant variables and using statistical model to develop adequate model for bus travel time prediction. Data were collected by using GPS from regular bus system operated in rural with minimum congestion. Two models were developed separately regarding to divided multiple-lane highway. The results show that multiple linear regressions (MLR) were adequate to model bus travel time prediction. Two models were significant based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) test at 95% confidence limit. At case 1, MLR model for Ipoh to Lumut direction had mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.8%. Meanwhile, at case 2, MLR model for Lumut to Ipoh direction had MAPE of 12.1%. As the MAPE values of both models are small and reasonable, therefore, models were adequate to be recommended for bus travel time prediction.

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This paper analyzed the willingness to pay for reducing the lost time using questionnaire survey on CVM for railway users in Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Firstly, we comprehend characteristics of railway accidents. As the result, suicide is dominant cause of railway accident. There are some tendencies that suicide is increasing and vehicle trouble is decreasing. Secondly, we comprehend characteristics of WTP. We estimate the WTP function using survival analysis. Furthermore, in this research, the expectation of WTP was estimated. As the result, it become cleared that expectation of WTP is proportional to reduced time and expectation of WTP depends on the lost time under the same reduced time.

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This study is concerned with estimation of the probable shift of the personal vehicle users to bus due to increase in its level of service, due to provision ofexclusive bus lanes, on Indian city roads. The quantum of increase in level of service of bus, due to introduction of exclusive bus lane, was determined using a recently developed simulation model of heterogeneous traffic flow. The data of the other factors (variables) that might cause modal shift from personal vehicles to bus were collected through home-interview survey based on stated preference approach. Modechoice models to explain the shift behaviour of the users of motorised two-wheeler, auto-rickshaw and car to bus are developed. Modal shift probability curves are also developed, to serve as user friendly tool to analyze the probable modal shift for a wide range of the involved variables.

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In this paper, the future prospect of bus service based on the transport demand estimated by using the lifecycle model in housing estates was referred. Especially, the necessity and possibility of bus demand increment were investigated through the discussion by the workshop procedure, as one of integrated approaches, involved residents, staff of bus and taxi companies, commercial parties and related parties in addition to local government officials. Furthermore, some scenarios were developed by agreements in these workshops, and based on these scenarios, the possibility of sustainable bus service was investigated, from viewpoint of the bus demand increment in consideration of change of life stage in future.

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Suburbanization is formed due to the expensive living value in city center, where the dwelling prices are lower, with wider land and better environment, although residents must travel further and spend more time and money. This paper is aimed to reveal the factors influencing the suburban residents in choosing transportation mode for their daily trips to the city center and the probabilities of modal choices; and to obtain the probability of the future passenger who alter from private vehicle due to the plan of semi-rapid transit bus, and the impact to gateway road performance. The factors affecting respondents to choose the transportation mode options are mode availability, travel time and cost. The probabilities of transportation mode chosen are motorcycle (49.9%), para-transit (36.5%), private car (12%), and taxi (1.7%), respectively. Arranging bus transit will decrease 18-19% private vehicle, and improve most of gateway road performance.

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The paper reports useful outcomes to urban planners from an investigation into pedestrian attitudes with their cultural environment and highlights the existence of a quantifiable relationship between the level of service of public transport systems and expectations of residents in an urban area. Analysis of access distances to bus stops and railway stations based on surveys in fifteen different cities in Japan is explained. It is shown that the size of the city also contribute to these relationships. This project work shows a methodology to identify factors that contribute to pedestrian behavior and provides practical aid to planners to understand differences in infrastructure design expectations of pedestrians in the context of their societal perspective. The analysis also opens a challenging future direction to uncover other factors that may contribute to regional cultural attributes that impact pedestrian behavior.

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Abstract:In Jakarta,limited walking facilities has contributed to transport issues.As many roads have no walking space,the pedestrians have been facing problems of obstructions such as street vendors and on the street illegal parking vehicles.The purpose of this study is to explore the actual condition walking activities,changes of walking space's function and people's perception on limitation of facilities.The result shows that the existing condition forces people to walk in the road shoulder which is very risky for both pedestrians and drivers.Analysis of people's perception also shows that the availability of facilities is parallel with the satisfaction level.After all,this study may provide few insights;not only the actual condition of people's behavior and perception,but also the framework of better knowledge regarding walking facilities.Therefore,the results of this study would be useful in investigating a better plan for next generation.

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A problem facing all urban areas in East Asian cities, as well as in other developing countries is how to meet the growing demand for person movement. Therefore, public transport has a very important role in providing efficient transport. However, the provision of urban public transport in Indonesia is not free of problems. Some of the problems include: an overall lack of capacity, lack of quality and choice, severe traffic congestions and insufficient fund to renew and repair vehicles. It urgently needs an urban public transport reform. However, because of the poor existing urban public transport system, the reform should be carried out carefully, step by step, due to social and financial problems. The bus reform in Yogyakarta started last year to improve the public transport system by avoiding social and economic impacts of the existing transport system. This Yogyakarta model has succeeded to improve urban public transport and it will also be implemented in other cities in Indonesia.

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Although the current business environment for the railway transportation in the Central Java region comprising of Central Java Province and Yogyakarta Special Province of Indonesia is not bright by any means, it is essential to revitalize the railway transport sector to support and sustain the social and economic needs and activities of the region. The new railway law allows local government and private sector participation in railway industry and taking this opportunity provided under the new law, the regional master plan was formulated. The master plan includes methods to achieve affordable transport system including the utilization of existing railway facilities and second hand rolling stocks, as well as TOD mechanism, bidding process and institutional arrangement. Moreover, through the case study on Semarang Commuter railway, this paper presented the overall picture on how regional railway system will materialize and how efficient railway operation could be achieved.

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The paper aimed to develop proper efficiency measurements for the TransJakarta busway System to make recommendations for future improvements. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used because it allowed for multiple inputs and outputs, and did not require strong a priori assumptions regarding production technology. Total monthly distance covered by fleets (km), passenger-km and average mileage covered by bus per month were found to be proper efficiency measurements. Corridor 4 and 5 were found to be robustly efficient with technical efficiency scores of 100% for most of the conditions; corridor 1, 3, and 6 were inefficient due to scale inefficiency; corridor 7 was also inefficient due to pure technical inefficiency; and corridor 2 suffered in both. The scale inefficient corridors should convert a single bus into an articulated bus; make a fully dedicated bus lane, and be integrated with existing buses, while technical inefficient corridors should upgrade local operations through technology.

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In this paper, a set of comprehensive evaluation indexes mixed of monitoring ability beforehand, coping ability in accident and restore ability afterwards has been established aimed at the multi-factors and process management features of the railway terminal emergency capacity composition, and get the emergency capacity of Beijing South Station is reliable by comprehensive analysis based on fuzzy evaluation

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This article suggests revising the bus timetable according to customer needs in order to improve the Japanese route bus business, which is undergoing major changes. The study specifically focused on smoothing the transfer time between railway and bus, which is one critical parameter of customer satisfaction in the local route bus business. As an actual proof,this article introduced a local bus company's starategy as a case study, and discussed the improvement process and its effect. The author suggests improving the bus business model by optimizing the timetable while considering customer needs instead of by the taraditional method, which is to reduce the fixed costs.

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Many other developing countries, including many cities in Thailand, are highly interested in introducing Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). This is mainly because of the affordable investment and operating costs. The questions are how transport planners and decision makers evaluate other aspects of BRT, compared to rail-based systems, and how travellers examine BRT, compared to their current travel modes. This study attempts to answer the questions, using Thailand as a case study (which is likely to reflect other developing countries), by surveying attitudes of both transport planners and decision makers, and travellers. The study found that transport planners and decision makers prefer BRT to tram. Not only because BRT is a cheaper system, but all other aspects of BRT can compete with on-street rail-based system. However, the implementation process should not only concern on service quality, but also need to make sure that the image of BRT must be good to the public.

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The paper proposes some important criterion for the development of BRT system in Hanoi which based on the experience of studying on BRT in the World and Hanoi traffic network. In addition, the paper also put a sample route in accordance with the proposed criterion to analyze cost benefits of BRT in comparison with conventional bus service. Finally, some conclusions concerning with Hanoi BRT system are suggested.

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A pedestrian simulator for analysis of transfer center operations was developed using novel pedestrian behavior algorithms. We developed a pedestrian behavior algorithm (including an obstacle avoidance behavior algorithm) and a transit center user behavior algorithm (including a transit facility use behavior algorithm that included transit boarding and alighting behavior). To evaluate the operational efficiency of the design of a new transit center and improve the transit center plan, this study used measures of effectiveness (MOE) for pedestrians, the facility, and the simulation. In addition, a prototype was developed to verify the adequacy of the pedestrian behavior and facility use behavior algorithms.

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Innovative evaluation framework should be encapsulated the combination of versatile aspects of metro access regarding environment social and economic aspects to ensure a sustainable metro accessibility. This study aims to select sustainable metro accessibility indicators for assessment framework. Data collection was based on participatory approach from key informants interview. Weighting process was used to select sustainable metro accessibility indicators according to five point Likert scaling regarding the rate of linkage with sustainable metro accessibility through experts from multi disciplinary of related fields. The findings show that indicators were accepted with the rationale of high to highest linkage with sustainable metro accessibility experts. Such indicators can be helpful for further study about detailed assessment.

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Bus Signal Priority is helpful in keeping Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) operating efficiently and regularly. There is an active priority and a passive priority in the Bus Signal Priority system. Recently researchers have been using the former way because it reflects well in a variety of traffic situations. On the contrary, this paper presents the methodology of bus passive priority so that a bus can pass quickly to minimize stopping at signal intersections. Bus speed should increase in a way to preset the bus's offset by the bus movement track, after calculating the bus travel time between signal intersections. The application result of this method shows a possibility that this is another new way for bus signal priority.

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This research assessed the jeepney vehicle in terms of ergonomics, safety and environmental factors. It established database of manufacturers and their design specification, determined the condition and design of the vehicle based on the perception and preference of jeepney drivers and passengers, and compared the parts of the jeepney vehicle using Philippine National Standards and international standards. The study revealed that most jeepney manufacturing firms have varied specifications. Most of the jeepeney drivers and passengers want to improve, change and standardize the parts of the jeepney vehicle. In addition, the parts of jeepney vehicles have parallel specifications compared to the 4 out of 5 mandatory PNS and 22 out 32 UNECE Regulations applicable for jeepney vehicle. Finally, the jeepeny vehicle can be standardized in terms of design, safety and environmental concerns.

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Paratransit remain very popular modes of transport in developing countries and have effectively filled the gap between private car and traditional public transport. They are, however, still perceived as unsustainable modes of transport. Jeepneys in the Philippines, for example, utilize reconditioned diesel engines and poor maintenance have led to significant carbon among other emissions. This paper presents an updated profile of the jeepney including operational characteristics such as average distance traveled, idle time, net income of drivers, and fuel consumption. Data were classified according to route into short, medium, long, and extra-long routes. Current technologies concerning the jeepney are also discussed including the electric jeepney. An assessment is made on the potential for carbon reduction if such technologies are applied. Conclusions deal mainly with the current directions pertaining to the transformation of conventional paratransit into environment friendly vehicles.

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A mechanical-based rutting model was developed to account for material properties changes in the progression of rutting over time and cumulated compressive strains of all layers due to traffic overloading. Nonlinear, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic deformation components of the pavement structures were characterized by theoretical modeling. Laboratory tests were conducted to obtain the essential parameters. A test field road was constructed to validate the prediction model. Results indicated that structural arrangement of pavement layers had a significant influence on rutting performance of the asphalt layer. Permanent deformation trafficked at 20 kph was two times higher than that at 90 kph. Both measured and predicted rut depths were in good agreement. Incorporation of the mechanistic approach in the prediction of rutting was shown to be viable and provided valueable information on the contribution of each layer to permanent deformation in flexible pavements.

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Prediction of pavement response is the major concern of highway researchers. Since the pavement material had the viscoplastic behavior, the viscoplasticity model had been used to predict the asphalt concrete behavior in the laboratory. In this study, the elasto-viscoplastic dynamic finite element is incorporated with optimization approach to develop the backcalculation program and obtain the model parameters, and these parameters are used for structural analysis. The LTPP database developed by FHWA in the United State is used for the pavement analysis and verification. At first, the pavement sections are selected from LTPP database, which includes pavement structure information and time-history response data of FWD test, then the field model parameters are obtained from backcalculation. Then, the displacements and stresses response of pavement under different type of vehicle loading are studied. The developed backcalculation program is verified and the predicted time history results agreed with the measured time history data.

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In the mechanistic approach, structural analysis and performance analysis are the two most important steps in the analysis of pavement performance and they significantly affect the prediction of pavement distress. In this paper, the constitutive models and a performance model are proposed and incorporated into the finite element program to predict the pavement response for the test pavement sections at the Northern Second Freeway in Taiwan. Then the results are compared with the measured distress. The nonlinear backcalculation program is also developed to get the materials properties of the test pavement sections. It is shown that the proposed constitutive models can predict the behavior of the pavement materials. The linear and nonlinear backcalculated properties for the same pavement section are obtained, and the prediction of pavement rutting from the nonlinear material properties under traffic loading at the test pavement section are close to the measured distress.

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There are two approaches for the pavement analysis, deterministic and probabili-stic. Most of pavement analysis are based on the deterministic approach. In order to account the random variations of the material properties within the pavement system, a more realistic method is the probabilistic approach, in which the materials variables are given a mean and variance. The effect of variation layer properties of pavement on surface defections and strains in the pavement system are studied by sensitivity analysis. This is done by using a stochastic finite element based on the perturbation method which is based on the Taylor expansion. The results show the variation of surface deflections and strains in the pavement are related to the variation of layer moduli. Once the probabilistic properties of pavement response are known, the reliability of pavement design can be evaluated.

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This paper describes an experimental and theoretical analysis of Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Courses (ACWC) mixes; based on the Indonesian Specification for Hot Mix Asphalt, containing the RETONA (Buton Rock Asphalt) as an asphalt additive. The main laboratory works were: Resilient Modulus Test, Marshall Standard dan Marshall Immersion test. The results of Marshall test showed that the OAC and Marshall Stability of ACWC mix using Retona were higher than the ACWC mix using conventional bitumen (Pen 6070). The results of Immersion Test indicated that in general, the IRS value was higher than 95%, showing the high resistance to water. The results of Resilient Modulus test showed that the ACWC mixes using Retona Asbuton have the highest Resilient Modulus . While the comparison of the UMATTA results to the theoretical calculation showed that the Ullidtz Nottingham equation give the better approach to the experimental results than the Ullidtz Shell equation.

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The AASHTO Pavement Design Guide provides one of the most commonly used methods of rigid pavement design. One of the drawbacks identified by researchers is, when k (modulus of subgrade reaction) is unavailable and has to be estimated from E (modulus of elasticity), the k-E relationship used in the design gives too high k. This could result in a thin slab thickness in pavement design. This research evaluates five k-E relationships, together with the one used in the AASHTO design guide, to asses their relative performance in calculating slab thickness using the AASHTO thickness design equation. The results of this study concluded that the k-E relationship by AASHTO method is not recommended because of the large errors involved. Among the six k-E relationships evaluated, the equivalent k-E models based on k-E relationship outperformed the other k-E relationships in its ability to estimate k values that best approximate field measured values.

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This paper deduced the theoretical formula of the interfacial bond factor for semi-contacted bi-layer beam based on the theory of bending, a test was designed to measure the change of stiffness for different state of bonding conditions and the interfacial bond factor of semi-contacted double layer beam was calculated from measured results. the bond factor can be used as an index for evaluating the interfacial combining state of double layer beam and the basis for selecting the optimal bonding oil content between layers.

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Option evaluation systems (OESs) have been extensively used as an effective means to support decision-making on investment and management of road asset in both developed and developing countries over the last four decades. When carrying out the strategy analysis using OESs with dynamic sectioning (called SDS), a nationwide network is typically subdivided into several sub-networks due to administrative or technical needs. However, techniques for doing SDS in such a case have not been well developed. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to present a comprehensive procedure to carry out the SDS for a nationwide road network including sound trade-off analyses of all constituent sub-networks. Although the Highway Development and Management System (HDM-4) is used as an OES in the case study in this paper, the proposed procedure is general enough to allow almost any OESs.

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The temperature variation of the concrete pavement in the early age significantly affects the initiation and propagation of its early age cracks. The measurement and analysis of early age temperature trend are necessary to examine the causes of early age cracks in the jointed concrete pavement(JCP). In this study, it is investigated how the early age temperature trend in the concrete pavement affects the random crack initiation and behaviors of saw-cut joints using the KEC test road. After placing the concrete pavement, the ambient air temperature and temperatures in the concrete pavement were measured and the random crack initiation in concrete slabs and early behaviors in the joints were surveyed. The results indicate that the first random crack was initiated at one of the slabs placed in the early morning. In addition, the joints that were saw-cut in the morning were cracked more rapidly than those saw-cut in the afternoon.

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The principal mode of structural failure for jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP) is fatigue cracking. The fatigue cracks initiating at the slab bottom under the edge loading condition were thought to be the only mode of failure. However, under certain combinations of exposure conditions and loading, the critical tensile stress can develop at the slab surface, causing the fatigue cracking to initiate from the top. A detailed evaluation of JPCP response showed that top-down cracking may indeed be the critical failure mode in many cases, but the magnitude of fatigue damage accumulating at the slab surface is very similar to that at the bottom of the slab. Therefore, the past practice of considering only bottom-up cracking is not likely to have resulted in significant prediction errors, especially since mechanistic performance models are typically calibrated with field performance data. Nevertheless, for improved design, consideration of both modes of failure is desirable.

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It has been well established that the rheological properties of the asphalt cement binder affect the pavement performance. In this paper 80/100 penetration grade of asphalt cement binder is modified by using of Oil Palm Fruit Ash (OPHASH) as modifier. The mixture is called OPFASH-Modified Asphalt Cement (O-MAC). Two parameters namely Penetration Index (PI) and Penetration-Viscosity Number (Pen-Vis Number or PVN) are used to characterize its rheological properties. Laboratory experiments which include penetration test, softening point test and viscosity tests were conducted. The results show that by adding 12.5%, 15%, and 20% of OPFASH by weight of asphalt cement, the rheological properties of O-MAC improve significantly compared with its original asphalt cement.

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This paper discusses the assessment of road maintenance and network capacity expansion planning, based on network reliability concept. The network reliability could be considered as a user oriented parameter, since it describes the service that the road users might experienced while traveling through a network. The primary arterial road network of Sumatera Island, Indonesia, is chosen to be tested. Several scenarios of network maintenance and capacity expansion were assessed. The considered centroid pairs were the origin-destination pairs with the highest movement of freight and passenger. Results suggest that the network capacity expansion by constructing new roads at certain corridor along central and west coast of Sumatra Island does not necessarily improve the network reliability indices, except for centroid pairs that directly connected to the improved route. On the other hand, the betterment and periodic maintenance program on several road segments might have higher improvement of connectivity reliability compared to the network capacity expansion up to a moderate level of link reliability.

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This paper discussed the limitation of Kirchhoff assumption in the analysis of Portland cement concrete pavement by comparing with the exact solution of single layer elastic layers. The error due to the Kirchhhoff assumption was obtained The analysis shows that the neutral plane does not exist when the modulus of Winkler foundation is stronger than 1000MPa/m.

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Porous asphalt mainly rely on the binder content and binder properties for cohesion between aggregate particles where good cohesion would increase resistance to permanent deformation like raveling and stripping. This paper presented the results of Cantabro Abrasion Loss Test on rubberized porous asphalt. Specimen was prepared by different percentages of binder content, rubber content and mixing process namely wet process and dry process. Two condition of samples i.e air cured sample and water soaked sample were used to simulate raveling and stripping respectively. Results indicated that incorporation of low amount of rubber exhibited better abrasion resistance in wet mixing process. Whereas, resistance to abrasion increases as rubber content increase on samples prepared by dry mixing process. The study showed that dry process samples were more effective compared to wet mix in reducing abrasion loss for both conditions of sample.

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It is estimated that Malaysia production of scrap tires is about 10 million pieces per annum and they are currently being disposed in an environmentally unfriendly manner, either burnt or buried in designated areas. The production is expected to increase in the future and the incorporation of these tires in roads would greatly reduce a potential environmental disaster in the country. Rubber is a naturally occurring polymer, and a very good one, when added to bitumen it will increase its elasticity, decrease its brittle point and increase its softening point. The objective of this study is to examine the properties of rubberised bituminous mixes that are prepared with dry and wet mixing process with different percentages rubber crumbs. Parameters examined in this study are the resilient modulus, wet abrasion loss, void analysis and the permeability coefficient. The amounts of rubber used are 1%, 2% and 3% with respect to the weight of binder used in each sample.

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This paper reports reasonable methodology of the optimal solution for the highway classification and discusses the results of experiments comparing four different clustering methods. A new concept of highway characteristic classification (HCC) and its methodologies were applied to identify traffic patterns in highway segments. The HCC consists of four different steps, such as data preprocessing, clustering, characterization, and classification. This study evaluated the performance of four clustering methods: Ward's minimum variance clustering method, K-means clustering method, Kohonen self-organizing map, and the Two-step clustering algorithm. The TwoStep clustering algorithm provides the best performance in term of within-group errors. The four clusters in the TwoStep clustering algorithm were determined the acceptable number of cluster. The highway schemes based on procedure of HCC are four designated area types as urban, suburban, rural, and recreational area.

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There are numerous methods being employed for asphalt pavement preservation, such as strengthening the material with various polymers, road pavements impregnation with various oils, road pavement reinforcement with fabric, rejuvenator emulsions, etc. This research work investigates the use of waste cooking oil was as recycling/rejuvenating agent to restore the aged bitumen to a condition that resembles that of the virgin bitumen. The main objective of this paper is to determine some basic characteristics and properties of using waste cooking oil as rejuvenating agent to an aged bituminous binder as compared to original (unaged) bituminous binder. The results showed that there is a remarkable improvement in the properties of the aged bitumen and proved the performance of waste cooking oil as rejuvenator to revive an aged bituminous binder.

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Recently government sets infrastructure sectors as one of priorities to boost the economic growth, and one of strategies is done by road construction. Consequently, road material plays significant role. Hence as an alternative aggregate, the combination of Bantak and Clereng as 40% and 60% respectively will be satisfying not only the desire pavement properties but also giving economic and ecological benefit. The investigation stresses by using Cooper in determining its aggregate gradation particularly for designing the AC-WC. The specimens will be assessed by using Marshall Test and the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS). The variation of the Cooper power gradations noted as the n are selected to be as 0,3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, and 0.6. The n=0,45 in condition of 5,7% Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) shows significance result of density, VMA, VFA, VIM, Stability, Flow and MQ as 2.32 Kg/Cm3, 15.5%, 71.1%, 4.53%, 2039.4 Kg, 3.3 mm and 619.61 Kg/mm respectively that satisfied the desire properties.

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The increasing of road material demand particularly on aggregate has been follow-up by finding the new alternative materials. Local materials such as Bantak and Clereng are potentially to substitute current need. Apparently Bantak is having high porosity and abrasion value more than 40%, on other hand Clereng is giving lower abrasion value (< 25%) than Bantak. Therefore, it is essential to study the performance and durability of these materials in AC-WC mixture. To find the durability index, the specimens are immersed around 0 (unconditioned) to 14 days at 60oC and tested by using Marshall and ITS. From the Marshall test, the index values for aggregate variations I, II, and III are 35.01%, 28.11%, and 26.10% respectively, while from ITS test, the indexes are 33.70%, 27.97%, and 25.45% respectively. The best result is variation III as the lowest value because has less of Bantak, which means less porosity and water absorption.

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The lane width is one of the most important elements of street cross-section. It will affect safety and efficiency of the street traffic. The lane width in the past mostly took the automobile traffic as the main consideration. With respect to high motorcycle composition, the lane width has to take the motorcycle traffic into consideration. This paper presents the research result of the guideline for determining the mixed lane width. In the mixed lane, most of the vehicles are motorcycle. The research concluded that lane width of 3.5 and 4.0 meters will have the best performance in terms of running speed and chaotic performance of disarray rate in the traffic stream, but if adds on the acceleration noise, 4.0 meters is the best width for mixed lane. This result has been taken as one of main references for lane width determination in Taiwan.

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The geometric information are highly required to manage and safety evaluation of the highways. Although the detailed highway drawings provide geometric information, occasionally they include differences compared with the real world highway geometry due to overlay or rehabilitation of highways. Especially cross section slope is often changed since rutting or deformation of pavement. Cross section slope is important element at the road safety aspect because it is related to drainage and the centrifugal force of vehicle. In this paper, the cross section analysis algorithm was developed using the position and attitude data of vehicle. The cross section analysis algorithm includes the slope calculation for normal crown, transition and superelevation section. After developing algorithm, the algorithm was applied to the fields to acquire the cross section information. The algorithm showed a good performance when it has been applied to the fields which have various alignment conditions.

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Exceedingly heavy axle loads of hot mixture asphalt (HMA) can lead to the permanent deformation. It is caused by repetitive traffic load at high temperature. Rutting of these mixes can be predicted by laboratory creep test. The purpose of this paper is to look at some aspects of the effects of fine aggregate physical, chemical and mechanical properties on the creep behavior of HMA. Four types of sand (quarry, river, mining and marine sand) with two conventional binders (PEN 50/60 & 80/100) and four polymer modified bitumen (PM1_76 & PM1_82 and PM2_76 & PM2_82) were studied on hot mix asphalt creep resistance. According to the dynamic creep test results mixtures prepared using fine aggregate that has more angularity, rougher, high shear strength and high percentage of Al2O3 presented highest resistance to creep deformation. Also polymer modified mixtures give the best result compared with conventional mix.

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Semi-rigid pavement is an alternative solution to overcome the limitation caused from the commonly used pavements.It consists both the flexibility from the bituminous component and the rigidity from the cement constituent. Blended cement (BC) plays an important role in the replacement of OPC and this study will investigate the effect of Superplasticizer-X and water/binder ratio of cementitious grout using BC. A wide range of mix trials were formulated using BC and additive-H in order to achieve a pourable consistency of cementitious grout.The self compacting grout is required to impregnate into the porous asphalt skeleton under the influence of gravitational force and at the same time maintain a high compressive strength with the aid superplasticizer. The fresh and hardened cementitious grouts were analyzed for its workability and compressive strength.

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Road surfacing in Malaysia has significantly improved throughout the years from conventional road surfacing such as flexible and rigid pavements to the other alternatives such as semi-flexible pavement. This pavement is designed to accommodate certain criteria such as to reduce deformation, cracking and noise. This paper focuses on the effect of superplasticiser on certain properties of cementitious grout. Cementitious grouts were produced with several varieties of water cement ratios (w/c) and SP. High workability/flowability are desired so that the grout can easily penetrate into an open graded skeleton system. Flow cone test was conducted to measure the workability and compressive strength test was also carried out to obtain the strength of the grout at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Results lead to the conclusion that SP A provides better workability and strength compared to the other two superplasticisers although they are produced from the same chemical base.

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The purpose of this project is planning to improve traffic safety of Hanoi-haiphong expressway in Vietnam. Ha Noi-Hai Phong Expressway starts at Ha Noi city and ends at Hai Phong city, pass through four cities and provinces: Ha Noi, Hung Yen, Hai Duong and Hai Phong. Design speed : 120km/hr with six (6) lanes, Total length : 105.5 km. Traffic safety facilities is classified into 4 kinds of groups, traffic management safety facility, road barrier, sight guide facility, the others, according to performance. This plan deals with general and special articles in the whole and standards of each facilities dealing with special specification according Vietnam, Korea, America.

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Developing countries in Asia are starting to have sophisticated infrastructures. The infrastructure is usually financed by international agencies. As a consequence, these countries need large funding and knowledge to run and maintain those infrastructures. This paper discussed about the operation and maintenance of toll bridge called The Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge in Bangladesh. It is operated and maintained by appointed third party through international tender for every five years. Interestingly the bidder beside comes from developed countries such as Japan, also comes from developing countries like Malaysia, and Indonesia. At the second terms, Indonesian company with local partner has won the bid. Through this system, developing countries is starting to get their chances to be involved in having and maintaining highly modern infrastructures, cost efficiency. The trickle down effect of technology and economy is occuring from developed nations to the less developed ones

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Durability of bituminous pavements is usually attributed to the aging of the bitumen binder used to hold the aggregates within the pavement mix. The process of aging which normally occurs at the bitumen surface will propagate inwards till the bitumen layer hardens and brittle failure occurs. One mitigating measure is to increase the binder film thickness while minimizing binder drain-down. In this study, oil palm fiber (OPF) is used to increase binder viscosity, thus increasing binder film thickness. Certain basic rheological tests were conducted on samples prepared with various fiber contents. Initial results appear to indicate that the addition of oil palm fiber does increase the binder viscosity, thus potentially increasing the binder film thickness. The softening point test also indicates that the addition of OPF also reduces the temperature susceptibility of the binder.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the usability of the waste material containing PET in the dense bituminous mix as a bitumen modifier. Considering their deterministic role in the performance of polymer-modified bitumen blends, the study was focused on the effects of the modifier (PET) content, on the Marshall stability, flow, Marshall Quotient, air void in mix and resilient modulus. The samples were prepared by mixing the dense graded aggregates (nominal size 14mm, named ACW14) with 80/100 penetration grade bitumen and a series of different percentages of PET by weight of bitumen. It can be said that PET modified bituminous mixes provide better resistance against permanent deformations due to their high stability and it contributes to recirculation of plastic wastes as well as to protection of the environment.

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