Programming scripts were written for the statistical analysis of genetic data for kinship testing. The methods presented here involve algorithms with R for conditional probability analysis based on Bayes’ theorem. Although computer programs to assess probable kinship have been published, the reports describe only minimal or generalized formulas, rendering the programs difficult for most forensic researchers to understand. Here, we present details of calculations used to evaluate probabilities of kinship and details of the R scripts used to execute these calculations. Scripts were constructed for paternity trio testing in which DNA typing data for the mother, child, and alleged father are available as well as for paternity duo, parental, grandfather, sibling, subsibling, and uncle testing. This review provides clear and orderly descriptions of calculations using R scripts, making each facet of this method easy to understand. Furthermore, access to these scripts will enable researchers to develop their own calculation systems.

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[in Japanese]

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Patients with cerebral aneurysms often undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after micro-surgical clipping. The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively assess the magnitudes of susceptibility artifacts produced by various types of titanium alloy aneurysm clip on various sequences of 7 tesla (T) MRI. Five types of titanium alloy aneurysm clip were tested, including combinations of short, long, straight, curved, and fenestrated types. Each clip was placed in a phantom filled with vegetable oil, and was scanned with five different pulse sequences, as follows: three-dimensional (3D) zero time-of-echo (ZTE) imaging; 3D T2-weighted fast spin echo imaging; 3D T1WI with spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (SPGR) technique; 3D T2*-weighted with SPGR imaging; and two-dimensional diffusion-weighted imaging. Voxels or pixels containing artifact were determined in each image, and artifact distance and artifact volume were calculated. Susceptibility artifacts were greater on 3D T2*W SPGR than on other sequences and were greater on the long straight clip than other clips. Artifacts on 3D ZTE were less than those on other sequences. Whereas there was prominent development of artifact at both ends, at the curved or fenestrated portion of the clip, artifact was minimal at the mid-part of the blade.

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Most cataract patients recover their visual performance after cataract surgery. However, in 10%-30% of patients, these performances is reduced by posterior capsular opacity several years after surgery. The non-complete covering (NCC) of the intraocular lens optics by the capsulorhexis edges and intraocular lens types affect the degree of posterior capsular opacity. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 30 patients to examine which of these two factors, the degree of NCC and intraocular lens type, had a greater impact on the formation of Erschnig pearls (EPs). EPs are a type of posterior capsular opacity that significantly decreases visual performance. The formation of EPs was evaluated by invading points under the intraocular lens optics, its area, time of appearance, and time of neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser capsulotomy after surgery. These indicators were not affected by the degree of NCC. intraocular lens However, the time of EPs appearance after cataract surgery was significantly affected by the intraocular lens type. These findings suggest that the formation of EPs may be affected by the intraocular lens type rather than the degree of NCC.

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We report a case of hematoma evacuation in an orbital lymphangioma with prolonged severe swelling of the eyelid. The patient was a 14-year-old boy with a history of acute expansion of a right intraconal orbital lymphangioma at 5 years of age. Recently, his eyelids had not opened since the right upper eyelid was severely enlarged due to trauma. Although he was diagnosed with an acute aggravation of the lymphangioma and given conservative treatment, his eyelids opened inadequately three months later. The lymphangioma started from the eyelids and extended to the intraorbital upper part included inside and outside the muscle cone. Since the cyst containing the hematoma was located extraconally and subcutaneously, we planned hematoma evacuation through the eyelid. The swelling of the eyelid improved during the operation, and the eyelids opened adequately postoperatively.

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