Urban environments provide foraging and breeding resources for animals, which causes the vicinity of wild animals to humans as a potential threat and risk. Previous studies with urban and rural comparisons have suggested that animals inhabiting urban environments could be selected on specific behavioral traits such as boldness and flexible responsiveness to human behavior. The flight initiation distance （FID）, which refers to the distance of a focal animal to initiate the flight response to an approaching human, has been used as a behavioral proxy of fear and alert of the animal toward humans. Previous studies reported that the FID of urban birds was shorter than that of rural ones. However, little has been conducted comparing the FID of the same avian species inhabiting different cities but with similar urban environments. In addition, many previous studies examined the effects of the FID variations on human behavior and attitude to animals between cities based on questionnaires but not on observation data of human behavior toward animals nearby in daily situations. The study aimed to compare the FID of wild large-billed crows （Corvus macrorhynchos） to an experimenter-human approach between two cities with similar urban environments （i.e., Yoyogi Park in Tokyo, and Hokkaido University and Odori Part in Sapporo） and to compare the probabilities of occurrence of face-orienting behavior by walkers to crows nearby in daily situations between the cities. We found that the FID in Hokkaido University （mean±SD = 4.0±4.0 m） and Odori Park （2.6±1.1 m） was significantly shorter than that in Yoyogi Park （9.0±4.5 m）. We also found that the probability of occurrence of face orientation in Sapporo （71%） was significantly higher than in Tokyo （52%）. These results showed that crows and people exhibited shorter FID and face orientation to crows, respectively, in Sapporo compared to Tokyo. Our finding suggests that in Sapporo, the more occurrence of human face orientation to crows in daily situations might cause the habituation of crows to humans.

A compound sound (acoustic stimulation) has been shown to be highly effective in preventing the invasion of crows, although the sound might have a detrimental effect on domestic pigs due to their sensitively to stimulus. To clarify such an effect on ten pastured male pigs stimulated by a compound sound, time spent in behaviors (resting, exploring, foraging and others) from July 26 to August 4 (non-acoustic stimulation period), 2021, was compared to natural behaviors recorded from September 22 to October 1 (acoustic stimulation period) in the same year. Percentage of daily time spent for each behavior did not differ between the two periods. One-off behavior was not shown. Therefore, the stimulus from the compound sound, for preventing the invasion of crows, was thought to be of low impact on pastured pigs. However, the compound sound might cause an increase in the vigilance behavior of pigs, because time spent in exploring behavior and resting behavior showed an increase and decrease, respectively, on the first day of acoustic stimulus. Pastured pigs might become habituated to acoustic stimulation, because the percentage of time spent in these behaviors was unchanged from the second day.

This study aimed to identify changes in blood compositions for pre-weaning calves that can help early detect diseases. We compared blood compositions of healthy calves with that of calves with digestive or respiratory disease before clinical diagnosis. Blood compositions of calves with digestive (n=10) or respiratory (n=17) disease sampled for three days before clinical diagnosis were used. Serum γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase levels in calves with digestive disease was significantly higher than that in healthy calves (P = 0.041). Serum Ca level and A/G in calves with respiratory diseases were significantly lower than those in healthy calves (Ca; P = 0.013, A/G; P = 0.029). There were three calves with digestive disease and six calves with respiratory disease with a value of more than 50μg/ml in haptoglobin concentration. Serum albumin and Mg level in winter were significantly higher than those in spring. These results suggested that the blood compositions that cause changes before clinical diagnosis differ depending on the type of disease.