In human face-to-face communication, embodied sharing using the synchronization of embodied rhythms is promoted by embodied interactions. Therefore, embodied interactions are critical for smoothly initiating coexistence and communication. In particular, hug behavior can effectively promote the synchronization of embodied rhythms, being one of the types of embodied interactions wherein humans have whole-body contact with each other. In the case of a human and a robot, it is likely that the robot could effectively synchronize an embodied rhythm with a human using hug behavior. In the authors' previous study, a behavior model for the generation of hug behavior with humans was proposed. Furthermore, the timing of a human's voice greeting was found to be critical to the generation of smooth arm motion by a robot. However, this model generates only arm motions for hugs. It is not capable of generating an overall flow of hug behavior. Therefore, this study proposes a hug behavior response model that generates response behaviors when humans request hugs while approaching the robot. Furthermore, a hug robot system that uses the proposed model is developed. The effectiveness of the proposed hug behavior response model is demonstrated by sensory evaluations using the robot system.

Machine design is perhaps the most important course for Mechanical Engineering students. There are many diverse approaches to the design education in universities worldwide. This paper outlines some collaborative experiences for methodical design education in mechanical/industrial design engineering context at Turkish Universities. For this purpose, a case study based on a student project titled “the conceptual design of a new meatball forming machine” is utilized and the experiences of the conceptual design works made with project groups are presented. The design process outlined in this paper is based on the systematic design approach of Pahl and Beitz. The method applied includes problem definition, formulating (function diagram), creating and selecting of best design variants. The positive feedbacks received from student practices show that this work can be useful for industry followers, design lecturers and young engineers.

Series experiments were performed to investigate the cold die compaction behaviors of Ag35Cu32Zn33 mixed metal powders to manufacture thin sheet of cadmium-free silver based filler metal, and the effect of friction on powder compaction behaviors were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The density dependent modified Drucker-Prager Cap model was established to characterize the mixed metal powders compaction behaviors. The die wall friction coefficients under different lubricated conditions were experimentally determined and were modeled by Coulomb friction model in simulations. The established constitutive model and material parameters were validated by experiments and finite element simulations of powder compaction process in ABAQUS/Standard with a user subroutine USDFLD. The compaction mechanisms of Ag35Cu32Zn33 mixed metal powders were analyzed with Gerdemann-Jablonski compaction equation, and the nonlinear compaction equation considering the friction effect was established and validated to characterize the powder compaction mechanisms under different die wall friction. With the friction coefficient increased, the relative fractional contributions of the particle rearrangement mechanisms increased and the powder deformation mechanisms contributions decreased. Finally, the influences of die wall friction on powder compaction behaviors were discussed. The results shown that the die wall friction significantly influence the powder flow behaviors and residual elasticity, which induce inhomogeneous relative density and stress distribution, cracks and capping in powder compact.

A novel force measurement instrument is designed and fabricated to validate multi-dimensional force measurement using zero compliance mechanism. In each axis, there is a point of force and a detection point for zero-compliance force measurement. Both the detection point and the point of force are suspended in series and attached with the base frame through leaf springs. When external force is applied at the point of force, it moves from its original position. The motion of the point of force can be regulated by displacing the detection point in the same or opposite direction of the applied force. The control system is designed and implemented to control the movement of the point of force and the detection point in vertical and horizontal direction force measurement. The effect of applied force on the point of force is cancelled to maintain its position by displacing the detection point. The motion of the detection point is controlled in such a way that it displaces proportionally to the applied force. Thus, applied force can be estimated from the displacement of the detection point and zero-compliance is accomplished at the point of force. The effectiveness of the proposed instrument in multi-dimensional force measurement is demonstrated by the experimental results of the horizontal and vertical direction force measurement with good linearity and almost zero interference.

This study proposes a rotary encoder-less time synchronous average using a non-linear filter for vibration analysis of gears in operation. This non-linear filter has smaller phase lag than that of conventional linear filters and a property synchronized with the meshing vibration. Therefore, the proposed method can estimate accurate rotational phase of gears. The accurate estimation of rotational phase of gears enable us to average the vibration responses including meshing frequency without any speed sensors and eliminate noises incoherent with the revolution periods of the gears of interest. In this paper, we explicate the ability and utility of this method are experimentally verified by using an ideal gear vibration model and an actual gear vibration response. As a result, the non-linear oscillator has an advantage compared with the linear filter for the highlighting the meshing frequency in the gear vibration, because of its demodulation property.

The modification of the planar double-enveloping hourglass worm gear drive can eliminate the phenomenon of the contact line cross and improve the transmission performance. In order to guide the selection of the type and the amount of modification, the equations of the contact zone and rear transition zone on the worm wheel surface are established. According to the position relationship between the contact zone and the rear transition zone on the axial plane and transverse plane, the changes in the tooth surface of the worm wheel obtained by different modification methods are obtained. The tooth surface changes obtained under different modification amounts are further summarized. The structure of the modified worm wheel is finally determined. For Type-II drive processed with the center distance modification, the curvature interference limit line on the surface of the worm wheel can be cut off by the last cutting edge of the hob. The larger the amount of the center distance modification value is, the deeper the depth into the rear transition zone is. Finally, the analysis results were verified by the hobbing experiment and the worm gear drive running test.

This article considers an integration of two-echelon supply chain management (SCM) problem between a manufacturing site and customers. In the first echelon, jobs ordered by a number of customers are arranged and manufactured by one of a number of identical parallel machines. In the second, jobs are grouped by customer in batches and then delivered via trucks with a limited capacity. The problem is to determine batch delivery schedule of identical trucks. The batch delivery schedule is integrated with a parallel machine schedule of job orders from multi-customers. So, the objective of the problem is to simultaneously determine machine scheduling, batching and truck delivery scheduling to the corresponding customer to minimize the delivery completion time of whole the batched jobs. To solve the problem, two approaches are addressed in this article. The first approach uses a mathematical model (mixed integer programming model) to obtain the optimal solution. Since the problem is NP-hard, three kinds of genetic algorithm-based heuristics are proposed to increase solution efficiency for the second approach. The performances of the algorithms are compared using computational experiments with randomly generated examples. The computational experiments illustrate that the one of the proposed algorithms is capable of near-optimal solutions within a reasonable computing time.

Direct energy deposition attracts attention from automobile and aerospace industries because of its applicability to complex shape production. Although the meltpool temperature has to be controlled to enhance shape accuracy, industries remain hesitant over introducing a complex process monitoring system because of high cost and necessity of frequent maintenance. In order to keep the meltpool temperature constant, this paper proposes optimal laser power command generation by creating a finite-element thermal conductivity model for a gradient descent calculation. The experimental results clearly indicate that the obtained laser power command enhances the shape accuracy of the deposited objects.

In the design process of complex engineered systems, design alternatives should be generated and verified systematically while realizing fast product development through the adaptation of the concepts of modular design and model-based design. Automation of the design process, or its synthesis process in particular, is crucial in increasing the productivity of the design process. Computational design synthesis (CDS) is a crucial technology for such automation, but CDS studied to date is not capable of generating design alternatives as combinations of various components, and of verifying their behavior considering physical phenomena in various domains. On the assumption that system modeling and simulation techniques are used in context of modular design and model-based design of complex engineered systems, this study proposes a flow diagram automatically transformed from acausal physical model, which is used in these techniques. The flow diagram shows relations between sub-models in terms of energy-levels described with specific physical domains, and flow direction changes that characterize the system behavior. The paper shows that flow diagrams of a system model at different time intervals support generation of design alternatives considering its behavior characterized by these flows. The study illustrates the usage of the method with design improvement of a hybrid power generation system.

The studying white layer produced in dry-hard turning process has important theoretical significance and practical value. The experiments of orthogonal turning AISI 52100 and AISI 4340 steels were employed by using PCBN inserts, a series of experimental methods were employed to study the microstructure, phase component, element segregation and hardness of machined surface. Based on experimental results, the white layer formation mechanism and the effects of cutting parameters and material properties on the white layer thickness were studied. The results show that there is ultra-fine microstructure in the white layer, the carbon segregation occurs in the machined surface and the retained austenite content is larger than that in the substrate, which indicates that the white layer is the product of phase transformation. The grains in the white layer are refined and the hardness of white layer is larger than that of the substrate, which illustrates that the plastic deformation promotes the formation of white layer. In conclusion, white layer is formed under the interaction of phase transformation and plastic deformation. The thickness and retained austenite content of white layer increase at first then decrease with cutting speed. The white layer thickness increases with feed rate, carbon content and hardness of material.

Though the casting process is also known as a process of uncertainty, in the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of sand temperature, amount of resin and amount of catalyst on compressive strength and scratch hardness of the furan sand mould. The experiments were conducted based on response surface methodology (RSM) and sequential approach using face-centered central composite design. The results show that quadratic model with the removal of some insignificant term is comparatively best fits for compressive strength. Cubic model with the removal of some insignificant term is comparatively best fits for scratch hardness. Sand temperature is dominating contributor to both responses i.e. compressive strength and scratch hardness. Next contributor is an amount of resin followed of an amount of catalyst or hardener.

A modified sintering model was presented to analyze the deformation behaviors of brazing powder compact throughout the whole sintering process, both the thermal-mechanical plastic deformation and metallic alloying were implemented as sintering driving forces in the numerical simulation by the sintering model. Ag-Cu-Sn brazing powder compacts were prepared by electromagnetic compaction technique and sintered at different temperature, the simulated deformations were in reasonable agreement with the experimental deformations. Deformation analysis with different relative density was conducted by the sintering model to reveal the volume expansion mechanism and volume shrinkage mechanism throughout the whole sintering process, it was indicated that the sintering warpage or cracks are prominently related to relative density gradients, and the higher relative density of brazing powder compacts is beneficial to sintering densification. At last, the deformation behaviors of brazing powder compacts with three typical shapes were numerically predicted to provide guidelines for tool design and sintering process optimization.

Human can recognize and handle (pick and place) easily the objects with a variety of different shapes, colors, sizes, and humans’ eyes are adaptable to various light environments with a certain tolerance. However, it is difficult for robots to recognize deformable objects such as cloth, string, etc., especially if an object is unique. Additionally, there have been difficulties for robots with vision sensors (cameras) to accurately detect and handle objects under various light environments. This paper proposes a cloth handling system that recognizes an unique cloth appeared in front of a robot by a photo-model-based approach. The photo-model-based approach has been adopted since the photo-model can be made at once by taking a photo of the unique cloth. In proposed cloths’ pose estimation method, a photo-model projected from 3D to 2D is used, where this system does not need defining the object’s size, shape, design, color and weight. It detects the cloth through model-based matching method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The handling performance by the proposed method with dual-eyes cameras has been verified, revealing that the proposed system has leeway to recognize and handle the unique cloth in lighting varieties from 100 lx to 1300 lx. In addition, 3D recognition and handling accuracy have been confirmed to be practically effective by conducting the recognition/handling experiments under different light conditions.

Printers often face problems with large power consumption, resulting in the development of various power saving techniques. Such techniques for indirect thermal transfer printers covered in this study are also progressing. For this type of printer, most of the required electric power is consumed during the ink transfer process, in which ink on a transfer belt is heated using a heating roller with large heat capacity. To reduce the heat capacity of the heating system, the use of a thermal printhead with a low thermal capacity has been proposed. Even at low power, such a thermal printhead will immediately reach high temperatures within a specified area, shortening the warm-up time and leading to lower printer power consumption. However, thermal printheads have two problems with contact heat transfer. The first is that the thermal printhead is less likely to deform than the soft heating roller. Secondly, since the wiring for power supply is complicated, irregularities of several μm are formed on the surface of the printhead, resulting in the limited heat transfer. To evaluate these effects, distribution of contact pressure with respect to surface waviness was analyzed using the finite element method. In this study, we observed the real contact area using a wide-field laser microscope and evaluated the validity of the FEM analysis. We succeeded in visualizing the contact pattern by pressing the ultra-high transparent silicone rubber and the transparent plastic film against the thermal printhead. As a result, it was confirmed that the FEM simulation results agree with the experimental ones.

This study has implemented a combined Taguchi method and regression analysis to optimize grinding parameters to enhance the superficial hardness of workpiece. The workpiece material is AISI1045 annealed steel and the process parameters include depth of cut, wheel speed, workpiece speed, cross feed, and mode of dressing. The DOE technique is used to find out the number of experiments by using Taguchi’s L27 which includes five parameters (depth of cut, wheel speed, workpiece speed, cross feed, and mode of dressing) at three levels. By applying the mean response and signal to noise ratio (SNR), the best optimal grinding condition has been reached at D3/S3/W2/F2/M1 i.e. depth of cut is 0.03 mm, wheel speed is 32 m/s, workpiece speed is 10 m/min, cross feed is 5 mm/rev, and mode of dressing is fine. Based on the ANOVA, the significance and percentage contribution of each parameter is determined. It has been revealed that depth of cut has maximum contribution on surface hardness. The mathematical model of surface hardness has been developed using regression analysis as a function of the above mentioned independent variables. A confirmation experiment, as final step, has been carried out with 94.5% confidence level to certify optimized result.

To analyze and handle quality problem during product development and manufacture, a holonic quality problem closed loop (HQPCL) framework is proposed in this paper. Some holons which encapsulate the technology resources and management resources are built in the HQPCL. A series of holonic units such as quality problem locating holon, quality problem source-tracing holon, quality problem mitigation holon, quality problem closed loop holon and assist holons were built. A sequence diagram of the HQPCL was given by the UML (Unified Modeling Language) in this research. A function-behavior-resource model which describes the functions, behaviors and resources of the above holons is proposed. The KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) is used for the communication of the quality holons. The self-similarity in HQPCL is analyzed for reducing the complexity to integrate new components and enables easy reconfiguration of the system. Finally, a case study is given to validate the framework.

In this paper, an iterative improvement heuristic based on the simulated annealing is designed for a weighted item collecting problem in directed bipartite graphs. The weighted item collecting problem is a generalization of an integrated circuit design problem, and it is also a variant of 0-1 knapsack problems in graphs. Recently, a greedy heuristic algorithm has been presented for the weighted item collecting problem. The greedy heuristic algorithm obtains an optimal solution of a known test instance of the original integrated circuit design problem in a short execution time, while for a randomly generated instance, there may be some room for improvement of the heuristic quality. In order to search for a better heuristic solution, some neighborhood structures for an incumbent solution are defined, and each of them is embedded in a framework of the simulated annealing. Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the iterative improvement performance, and the results are reported.

During the past decades, the production performance analysis and optimization have played a significant role in queueing network system production planning and operation design for the manufacturing plants, but how to model the optimized production system performance and solve it is facing great challenges. Since the more and more wide use of queueing network, the non-conforming product scenarios such as rework and departure, cause mass random interference. These problems when modelled in the conventional analysis and optimization models are extremely difficult to solve as they are coupled and NP-hard problems. This paper considers a modified M/M/n/m-first come first service (M/M/n/m-FCFS) queueing network approximation model that is developed to maximize utilization and profit by analysing the queue time and queue length of the products under the constraint conditions. A hybrid meta-heuristics is applied to solve the approximation model, both the service rate and buffer allocation of the queueing network system can be determined. Finally, to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, extensive numerical experimental results from the approximation model are compared to the ARENA simulation, and sensitivity and validation analysis are also conducted, which prove it accurate, believable, and effective.

Plot plan drawings in the process and power industries are considered key decision-making documents for projects and are normally initiated in the pre-contract, conceptual, and developmental stages of a proposal. These drawings indicate the locations of the main equipment and building structures at a plant that contain pipes and cable connections between equipment units. This study proposes a multi-objective pipe and cable routing optimization method for a thermal power plant based on effective interactions between a designer and computer. We applied an interactive satisficing trade-off method and genetic algorithms to perform combinatorial optimization with multiple objectives. To obtain pipe and cable route candidates for multiple-criteria decision-making, we applied an ant colony optimization algorithm to a rule-based automatic layout of pipe racks. The features of this method can be optimized simultaneously not only for pipe and cable routes, but also for the placement of pipe racks among multiple conflicting evaluation functions. These functions may include the total cost of the pipes and cables, total length of the pipe racks, number of roads straddled by pipe racks, and total number of pipes and cables on a pipe rack. Finally, the validity and usefulness of this method is demonstrated by solving a layout design problem involving pipe and cable routing for a gas-turbine combined-cycle power plant.

This paper concentrates on the power flow and transmission efficiency of a two-side motors driving transmission system used in tracked vehicle. Based on the theoretical analysis of tracked vehicle's steering process, the theory of bond graph was applied in the efficiency analyses due to the properties of energy conservation and power fluxion. A bond graph model of dual planetary platoon power coupling mechanism was established. The kinematic and the dynamic characteristics of all components and the constraints between components were obtained with the constraint conditions of turning radius and speed. According to the criterion of power flow, the power flows of the transmission system were got under six different driving conditions. Based on the power flows, the transmission efficiency was obtained by the calculation method of planetary gear train's meshing efficiency, which was proposed by this paper. The results show that by using the bond graph theory, we can get all the possible power flows of the transmission system and its corresponding transmission efficiency. This method is more systematic and universal than the traditional methods, especially suitable for complex multi-input and multi-output gear transmission system.

This work examined a used brake pad and another brand new one to compare their contact shape and contact area. Surface roughness measurement and ultrasonic scanning were used to study the contact interface. The 2D maps show the variation in the contact shape, which indicates that the used pad is unevenly worn to a significant extent. The results may suggest the improved pad design and provide the timing of replacement for a brake pad. The contact area shows an increasing trend under different applied forces and the area matrix gives useful information about the degree of wear. Contact pressures were also calculated by the combinations of image analysis software and ultrasonic technique. The contact pressure varies from 0.17 MPa to 3.4 MPa and maps of the distribution of the pressure contour are also shown.

For inner ring or outer ring rotation of high-speed rotor ball bearings, a dynamic wear simulation model of angular contact ball bearings was built up. Taking one type of instrument rotor bearing as an example, the influence of different ring rotation and rotating radial load on the dynamic performance and wear rate of bearing parts were analyzed. Results show that under the same ring speed condition, the angular and orbital velocity of the balls are higher when the outer ring rotates; the difference of the contact angles between the ball and the inner and outer races is also increased which result in an increase in the spin-to-roll ratio, and the time-averaged wear rate of the ball is increased by 31.30%. Compared with the pure thrust load condition, the track radius and the axial swing amplitude of the cage mass center whirl are increased under the combined thrust and rotating radial load. When the ratio of the radial to thrust load is 1, the wear rates of bearing parts are obviously increased. The results provide some guidance for the optimization design and application of high-speed instrument rotor bearings.

In order to improve the meshing performance or correct contact area of spiral bevel gears, a new method of tooth surface topography modification is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the construction method of tooth surface mismatch topography is studied by means of calculating the deviations between the pinion initial and fully conjugated tooth surface derived from the mating gear. Secondly, by means of describing tooth surface mismatch topography with second order surface approximately, the factors of tooth surface mismatch topography along five directions are calculated, and the mismatch degree of tooth surface is assessed. Subsequently, by adjusting the factors of tooth surface mismatch topography, the pinion target tooth surface is established, and the deviations between the pinion initial and target tooth surface are calculated. The pinion machine settings are corrected by establishing the modification mathematical model between the tooth surface deviations and machine settings of pinion. Finally, the method of tooth surface mismatch modification is executed using a numerical example of a pairs of spiral bevel gears, and the simulation result verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The robust design optimization (RDO) problem is generally formulated as a weighted sum of the nominal objective function and the robust term. In the RDO problem, a deterministic optimum design is regarded as one of the local optima. However, this property is not well understood. Even though robust optimum designs are known to be significantly different from deterministic designs in certain cases, they are nearly identical in other cases, for reasons that are not intuitively understandable. This is due to the fact that the trade-off relationship between deterministic and robust optimum designs and the effects of uncertainty on the latter are not evaluated by the weighted sum approach. In this study, the properties of robust optimum designs are investigated by formulating the RDO problem as a multiobjective optimization problem, where the nominal value of the performance function and the worst value in the uncertainty region are adopted as the objective functions. The problem considered in this study is limited in that for simplicity, only the design variable is assumed to have uncertainty. That is, the mean value of the random variable is regarded as the design variable. The Pareto solutions are obtained by an evolutionary algorithm whereby the worst design in each individual during the evolutionary process is selected by a sampling method so that the approximation error may be avoided. Through simple numerical examples under several distribution types for random variables, the trade-off relationship between deterministic and robust optimum designs and the effects of uncertainty on the latter are investigated.

Vibrational signals resulting from tool wear have non-linear and non-stationary features. It is also difficult to acquire large numbers of typically worn samples in practice. In this work, a method of predicting the wear of milling tools is proposed based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and the use of a support vector machine (SVM). The EEMD method is used to decompose the original non-stationary vibration acceleration signals into several stationary intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The energies of the signals in these different frequency bands change when the tool is worn. Thus, the tool wear state can be identified by calculating the EEMD energies and energy entropies of the different vibrational signals. The correlation coefficients between the IMF components and original signal were calculated and wear-sensitive IMFs chosen. A SVM is then established by considering the energy features extracted from a number of wear-sensitive IMFs that contain primary information on tool wear. These are considered as the inputs to judge the wear state of the tool. The results show that the method is capable of predicting the wear state of the milling tool to good effect. Furthermore, the predictions made using an LS-SVM based on EEMD method are more accurate than those made using FFT, Wavelet analysis and EMD methods.

In order to guarantee the effectiveness of operation, ergonomic evaluation of deep-sea submersible vehicle (DSV) cockpit console has been widely researched and developed. However, due to the characteristics of information integration on the console, and the way of information interaction becomes more and more complicated currently. The existing evaluation method mostly based on partial attributes result in unilateral issue. Considering that ergonomic evaluation processes of DSV cockpit console involves multiple decisions for multifarious attributes under vague conditions, we established an evaluation system with an improved Delphi method based on experts’ opinions and introduce a comprehensive ergonomic evaluation model by using the two-tuple weighted averaging operator (T-WA) and extended Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR). Finally, an illustrated example on DSV cockpit console evaluation was performed, and the evaluation result was compared with other four typical evaluation method, it indicates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the maximum part-flow or part feed rate for a pick-and-place task with a multi-robot system. An appropriate part-flow is important to guarantee productivity and robustness in the presence of pattern variation, that is, when the timing and position of the parts on the conveyor are presented in random. To determine the appropriate part-flow for a multi-robot system quickly, we divided the multi-robot system into several single-robot systems and estimated the part-flow for each single-robot system based on M/M/s queuing model with impatient customers. Then, the task completion rate for the ensemble of robots was computed. Simulations were used to compare the proposed method to a method based on a Monte Carlo Strategy (MCS) and a method based on an M/M/1 queuing model. The simulation results show that the proposed method can guarantee the required productivity and the task-completion success rate. The task-completion success rate determined using the proposed method reached 98.9% for 10000 randomly generated patterns. The computation time for the proposed method satisfies computation time constraints and is less than 1/10 of that for the MCS method.

This study presents novel analysis and synthesis methods for a certain type of geared adjustable stroke mechanism. The mechanism has significance in mechanical design, as it has been used in practice. However, to the best of our knowledge, any theory on its analysis or synthesis is not available in the literature. The problem is divided into four parts and each part is generalized. Novel synthesis procedures for possible largest stroke are developed. Design charts are prepared for maximum stroke configuration. Stroke variation is an important concern in mechanism design. By adopting the introduced method, the output stroke can simply be adjusted even during the operation. The output stroke of the mechanism can be decreased more than 50% with proper transmission, velocity and acceleration characteristics. Use of non-integer gear ratio is also investigated. That property leads a variable stroke mechanism inherently. The relationship between the gear ratio and the number of cycles needed to return to the initial stroke value is determined. As a result, all possible design methods are investigated and generalized for this mechanism. Therefore, significant flexibility is introduced for adapting this mechanism to various practical applications.

This study aims to develop a numerical simulation model of the folding process of a creased paperboard and to reveal the deformation characteristics of the creased paperboard. A cantilever type bending moment measurement apparatus was experimentally examined with a 0.43-mm thickness paperboard. To verify the folding mechanics of the creased part, the initial crease was varied within a certain range, and the lamination numbers were considered with 8 layers. A fluffing resistance model based on the z-directional (out-of-plane) tensile test was developed and simulated using isotropic elasto-plastic solid properties. However, because the fluffing resistance is restricted in the normal direction of the detached interface, in-plane shear resistance is not considered. When investigating the folding process of a creased part, the in-plane shear resistance and its breaking limit seem to be the primary characteristics. Therefore, in this work, in order to characterize the delamination and bulging deformation, an internal breaking criteria was numerically analyzed using a new combination model. A general purpose finite element method (FEM) code was applied to develop a combination model comprising the out-of-plane fluffing subroutine and the in-plane shear glue strength. Through the FEM simulation of the folding process of creased paperboards, the following results were revealed: (1) The simulated bulging profile of the creased part and its bending moment resistance well matched with the corresponding experimental result at the stationary folding state with a folding angle >20°. (2) The in-plane shear glue strength characterizes the pattern of the interlayer delamination in the folding process of the scored zone. (3) The initial delaminated span of the scored zone is estimated as >150% of the creasing width. (4) The initial gradient of the bending moment resistance is characterized by the scored depth.