This article constitutes a review of the literature and an evaluation of the anatomical relationships between skull and face including the soft tissue thickness at various anthropometrical points of the skull, along with a comparison of the methodologies involved in the three techniques, that is, photographic, video and computer-assisted superimposition techniques used in forensic science. In addition, an evaluation of cosistency between skull and face is discussed from the aspect of personal identification.
  Forensic examiner must be well versed in the anatomy of skull and face for effective utilization of the superimposition technique. When evaluating anatomical consistency between these parts, special attention should be paid their outline, the facial tissue thickness at the anthropometrical points, and positional relationships between skull and face. Data on the thickness of facial soft tissue has been accumulated for each race, Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. The positional relation of the eyebrow and eye to the orbit, the ala to the nasal aperture, and the lips to the teeth has been investigated by many researchers.
  Over the last two decades, video superimposition technique has widely been used for identifying unknown skull. The video superimposition presents enormous advantage over the conventional photographic superimposition. This technique allows the fade-out of either the skull or facial image on the monitor for overall assessment of how well the two images match. This also allows the various sectioning images of the skull and facial images for evaluating the positional relationships between the skull and face. In this technique, however, the anthropometrical examination including soft tissue thickness could not directly be performed on the TV monitor.
  On the other hand, in the last ten years, the computer-assisted cranio-facial superimposition has been developed. The use of a video-computer with appropriate software allows to take the images of the skull and facial photograph with only one camera and to directly compare the digitized both images on the monitor. The computer technology has also been used to determine the size of natural head and optimum objective length. The software such as the polynomial functions and Fourier harmonic analysis has been applied to evaluate the fit between the outline of skull and facial photograph.
  It is suggested that the outline from the forehead to the gnathion in the lateral or oblique view is the preferable portion for personal identification, and the cranio-facial superimposition method is reliable for personal identification when two or more facial photographs taken from different angles are used in the examination. The computer-assisted skull identification system using video superimposition is useful to demonstrate the cosistency between skull and facial photograph because the quantitative data including anthropometrical measurements obtained from this system provide objective and reliable results in skull identification.

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  Six serum protein groups (HP, TFC, GC, AHSG, C6, and C1R) from bloodstains stored at room temperature, were examined using slab gel electrophoresis for HP, and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis for TFC, GC, AHSG, C6, and C1R.
  Three serum protein groups (TFC, GC, AHSG) were correctly detected in large percentage of stain samples, but correct detection rate of HP was in small percentage. Two serum protein groups (C6, C1R) were not detected from stain samples.
  In particular, GC type is one of the most useful markers for forensic practice, since it has a well balanced gene frequency, stability against severe condition, and accurate detectability.

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  This paper describes an application of route simulation algorithms to decision making support system using digital map. especially the emergency deployment support system for Police.
  We proposed the adaptive route search algorithms in order to caluculate movable region from one poin in high precision and high speed as follows, (1) search process of candidate node with minimum traveling time, (2) restricted renewal process of accumulated cost of each node. And We develope the emergency deployment support prototype system for Police.
  The results of evaluation obtain that the proposed algorithms are about 4 seconds processing time by 3050R workstation, and the precision of 99% and calculation time of 60% compared with Dijkstra algorithm. So, the effectiveness of proposed algorithms are confirmed by this experiment.
  We have development a fast route simulation based on road conditions. This simulation calculates the area suspect could reach in a given time, allowing police commander deploy forces more efficiently than the customary circular area. In additions, it also locates the patrol-car closest to the crime scene and instruments it to rush there.

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  Quantitative freatures extracted from hand-written character pattern were applied to handwriter identification, and the efficiency for hand-written character recognition was evaluated. Three features including local direction contributivity (LDC) feature, directional element (DE) feature and weighted direction index histogram (WDIH) feature of each sample character pattern collected from 20 writers were enforced to learn by the hierarchical neural network (HNN) in order to apply the tool for handwriter identification. Correct identification on DE and WDIH features through one character by HNN ranged from 82.5 to 85.5%, While that by visual inspection of expert examiners was 85.5%. Moreover, this tool performed the perfect identification using the combining sum of HNN's output values for sample characters. These results support that the application of feature extraction on hand-written characters using HNN is significantly effective for handwriter identification.

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  Three Kinds of DNA analyses; AmpliType^® PM typing, TH01 typing and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis were evaluated to establish the corroborative method for forensic hair comparison. Five scalp telogen hairs were collected from 12 Japanese males ranging in age from 26 to 33 years. DNA was extracted from five hair shafts of 5cm in length and from five hair roots of 3mm in length taken from each subject. The PM typing was performed using the AmpliType^® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit. The TH01 typing was carried out using Quick-Type^TM HUMTH01 and was detected by silver staining. For the mtDNA analysis, the sequencings of the two hypervariable regions (HV1 and HV2) of control region were performed by using the ABI PRISM^TM Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit with AmpliTaq^® DNA polymerase FS and ABI PRISM^TM model 377 DNA sequencer.
  In the telogen hair, the hair root was a suitable sample for both PM and TH01 typing compared to the hair shaft samples (about 50% of the subjects could be detected from the hair root samples). The PM typing and TH01 typing showed almost equal detectability. In the mtDNA analysis, the PCR amplifications of HV1 and HV2 were successfully performed in all twelve subjects by employing new primer, and the sequences of the PCR products from two subjects were determined. This result suggests that the mtDNA analysis can be applied for hair comparison in cases where the genomic DNA typing is not available. However, further study for the reliability and reproducibility of the mtDNA analysis should be performed.

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  This study is aiming to examine the effect of physical exercise after drinking on the change of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Eleven healthy volunteer subjects (9 males and 2 females), age : 23 to 50 (30 ± 7.0) years old, body weight : 43 to 87 (64 ± 11.3) kg, were administered 700 ml of beer (alc. 5.5%) with 35g of snacks within 15 minutes after an overnight fast. Ten minutes after the end of drinking, the subjects were given physical exercise of a footstool going up and down movement for one minute. BrACs of the subjects were measured in every 30 minutes using infrared breath analyser. Those experiments without physical exercise were repeated on each subject in another day. Widmark's equation was fitted to each BrAC profile by the least square method and the parameters (C₀, β, γ, ethanol degradation rate, time to BrAC = 0) were calculated. T - test (significance level : 5%) showed no significant differences between the parameters in the experiments with physical exercise and in control condition. It is concluded that physical exercise of one minute footstool going up and down did not show any effect on the change of BrAC after alcohol drinking.

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  Glass fragments often give useful information as trace evidence to investigation of crimes such as hit-and-run, murder, burglary and so on. Trace elemental analysis is considered adequate for discrimination of glass evidence but it is destructive and time-consuming. In contrast, refractive index (R.I.) measurement is nondestructive and timesaving. Measuring R.I.s previous to chemical examination as a screening test is regarded as beneficial to rapid and precise discrimination for selecting suspicious samples from many pieces of glass.
  In the present paper, R.I. measurement using hotstage and silicone oil is described. The procedure is examined in respects of the following : using an optical filter to obtain monochromatic light, simple treatment to purify silicone oil, easy judgment of match temperatures, calibration with optical standard glass available in Japan, and handling of samples. The proposed method is applied to windshield glass samples of Japanese cars. Intra- and inter-sample variations are examined and 370 out of 406 pairs are discriminated each other by comparing their R.I.s
  It is proved that accuracy of this method is satisfactory for the discrimination of glass fragments. This technique is practical for discrimination of small glass fragments and to samples of any size as a screening test prior to trace elemental analysis.

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  The pinpoint condensation technique using perfluorated polymer film was applied to the identification of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Rapid solvent elimination for condensation of LSD into a small single residual at room temperature was performed by solvent evaporation on perfluorated polymer film, and the residual was measured by the microscope/FTIR technique. This sample condensation method provided high sensitivity for IR analysis. The detection limit was 2ng. When interfering substances did not exist in the extracted solution from blotter paper of LSD, the extract was able to be measuered simply and rapidly by microscope/FTIR technique. If isolation by preparative TLC was needed, the best elute was ethyl acetate or isopropanol which did not elute interfering substances from TLC plate into the eluent. More than 5 μg of LSD would be detectable by this technique after preparative TLC. We were able to identify LSD by this technique with preparative TLC from blotter paper containing more than 10 μg of it. This technique was useful to identify LSD sensitively from forensic samples.

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