Local people's involvement in forest management in Indonesia was studied in a context of a community-based forest management program named Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat (PHBM), which emerged from the state-owned forest company, Perhutani. On Java Island, this program has been spreading since 2003 and it was hoped that it would help to increase local people's income by giving them access to the forest, to assist in the thinning process and to cultivate intercropping. This study aimed to observe the impacts of people's involvement in the PHBM program on their economic wellbeing. The study was conducted over three research phases, in 2005/2006, 2006/2007, and 2008/2009, in Desa Ciomas village, Bogor District, West Java Province and through follow-up research performed in 2016 to observe more recent conditions and establish the continuity of the previous research. The results showed that local people in Desa Ciomas were highly interested in PHBM and the benefits that it offered, with an expectation of additional income. The optimal income was not realized in some cases, including when large-scale farming necessitated farming system that replied on hired labor which is known to be less productive than family labor. PHBM should be able to contribute to local people's income by empowering them with respect to both on- and off-farm activities.

Green space is important for childhood development, particularly in developing countries. The city of Malang, Indonesia has experienced steady economic and population growth in recent years, but green space area in the urban environment has been declining. In this study, we elucidated the status of green space accessible to children in Malang, and discussed ways of improving green space use. We identified green spaces around 291 elementary schools using satellite remote sensing. A RapidEye satellite image, which covered the study area with a 5-m ground sample distance, was acquired on May 20, 2015. From this image, the area of green spaces within 1 km radius circles of elementary schools were calculated. The total area of green space in the city was 45.439 km², 41.3% of the total city area. Smaller green spaces were located near the city center, whereas larger green spaces were located in the southeastern part of the city. The green space ratio within 1 km of 96 schools was less than 15%, and it was 15–30% around 104 schools. Overall, there were few green spaces within walking distance of schools in Malang. The green space ratio in the city center was also low. Green spaces in the city should be maintained, and additional opportunities should be provided for children to access green spaces.