This paper, commemorating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Japanese Society for the History of Pharmacy (JSHP), provides an overview of the history of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry for the decade from 2010 to 2020. 　The details of the intervening period are described below: 　I. Changes in Japan's Pharmaceutical Law and Regulations 　II. Pharmaceutical Industry Policies and Strategies 　III. Changes in Pharmaceutical Distribution, Marketing and Development in Japan 　IV. Changes and Advances in Drug Discovery Technology in Japan 　In recent years, various innovations have been made in the pharmaceutical industry, and without open innovation, drug discovery would no longer be possible. The pharmaceutical industry is expected to become increasingly important to Japan as a knowledge-intensive industry, and each company will have to consider new business models focusing on the world. The recent disaster of COVID-19 may have made many members of the public understand the importance of the pharmaceutical industry anew. We look forward to the future development of the pharmaceutical industry, aiming to build a better relationship with all stakeholders, including the public, the government, the pharmaceutical industry, and academia.

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The history of Japanese pharmacists began with the promulgation of the medical system in 1874 (Meiji 7), and will reach 150 years in 2024. During this time, the environment surrounding medical care and pharmacists has changed significantly. This paper reviews how pharmacy pharmacists and hospital pharmacists changed their positions, transformed their roles and duties, and expanded the pharmacist profession in different environments, along with the background of social factors such as the separation of prescription and dispensing (Iyakubungyo), the pharmaceutical affairs and medical affairs system, and pharmaceutical education. In particular, the fact that the Iyakubungyo did not progress for 100 years after the medical system had a major impact. During this period, pharmacy pharmacists were hardly able to dispense drugs, but hospital pharmacists developed their dispensing technique and created the position of technician in charge of dispensing. After 1974, the first year of the Iyakubungyo, pharmacy pharmacists gradually changed to technicians in charge of dispensing, and hospital pharmacists shifted to patient-oriented ward work after an inpatient basic dispensing fee was newly established in 1988. This was a major shift from objective work to interpersonal work. With the revision of the Medical Care Act in 1992, pharmacists were given the responsibility of being responsible for medical care, and patient-centered Pharmaceutical Care began to spread as a direction for pharmacists' work. Since 2010, the importance of team medical care and promotion measures have been presented, hospital pharmacists support medical care as pharmaceutical specialist in team medical care, and pharmacy pharmacists are becoming family pharmacists and community healthcare leaders. In 2019, a function-based pharmacy certification system was launched to make it easier for patients to choose a pharmacy. We have entered an era in which pharmacists are required to take responsibility for each patient’s drug therapy, provide pharmaceutical management and guidance, maintain the health of local community residents, and serve as a consultation counter, with the aim of ensuring the proper use of medicines and medical safety.

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Purpose : The paper by Hiroyuki Kamakura et al. (2010) described the existence of Passiflora. edulis subspecies, P. edulis fo. edulis with purple fruit and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa with yellow fruit. It was reported that both subspecies showed different component chemical profiles regarding the flavonoid content. Therefore, this time the author extracted documents related to P. edulis from overseas academic literature on Passiflora sp. Next, the author collected academic information on the component compositions of both subspecies, such as flavonoids, and conducted a comparative study of the component compositions of both subspecies. The author also collected academic information on the neuropharmacological and biological effects of both subspecies, and conducted a comparative study of the activity effects of both subspecies. The author also considered the effects of differences in component compositions such as flavonoids between the two subspecies on their active effects. Method : The author extracted three publications regarding the two subspecies of P. edulis: Ayres et al. (2015), He et al. (2020), and Rai et al. (2022). Then, from among the documents cited in these three reports, documents 3), 4), and 14) to 25) were extracted. From this, the author collected academic information on the composition of components such as flavonoids and terpenoids, as well as pharmacological and biological effects on the two subspecies of P. edulis, and based on the information collection results, the author conducted a comparative study on them. Results : Phytochemical analyses such as HPCL of leaf extracts of both P. edulis subspecies showed completely different flavonoid component chemical profiles in chromatography of both subspecies. In addition, quantitative analysis of the flavonoid content showed that the content concentration of isoorientin and isovitexin was higher in the leaf extract of P. edulis fo. flavicarpa than in P. edulis fo. edulis. On the other hand, extracts of both subspecies of P. edulis had common psychotropic and neurological effects such as anxiolytic, antidepressant, and sedative effects. However, it was found that P. edulis fo. flavicarpa has a stronger anti-anxiety effect, and P. edulis fo. edulis has a stronger anti-depressant effect. The commonality of psychotropic and neurological effects observed in the extracts of both subspecies of P. edulis contradicts the difference in the composition of components such as flavonoids in the extracts of both subspecies. Conclusion : Recent neuropharmacological studies have revealed that both subspecies of P. edulis share psychotropic and neurological effects. This can be considered as scientific proof that P. edulis leaf extract has been historically used in Brazil as a herbal therapy (traditional folk medicine) for the treatment of many psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, this is inconsistent with the difference in the composition of phytochemical components such as flavonoids in the extracts of both subspecies. Therefore, the author comprehensively looked at the flavonoids such as C-glycosylflavones, terpenoids, and other secondary metabolic products contained in both subspecies of P. edulis. By doing so, the author believes that they can investigate the similarities in biological effects such as psychotropic and neurological effects between the two subspecies from a phytochemical perspective.

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Objective : We face an aging population combined with the diminishing number of children following population decline. The duties of pharmacists should be improved in order to adapt to these social changes. In this paper, we make clear the tasks of Japanese pharmacists in the near future. Methods : Based on reports from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), including population trends, and publications from the Pharmaceutical Association of Japan, problematic keywords were extracted, and further searches and discussions on internet news were conducted to identify issues facing community pharmacists in response to social changes. Results & Discussion : Our results suggest five new tasks of pharmacists: 1. Protect the mental health of elderly populations Fifty-six percent of Japanese (including 22.5% Spiritual But Not Religious (SBNR)) have no religion and are more mentally unstable than the religious population due to less protection from religious views. 2. Protect the physical health of elderly populations Multivitamin supplements should be administered for the prevention of latent vitamin deficiency. 3.?Preparation against natural disaster Twenty Mobile Pharmacies are available in Japan. The number of facilities should be increased to guard against natural disasters in remote areas. The facilities would be also useful for educational purposes for pharmacy students. 4. Usage of AI Generative AI would be useful with proper media literacy. 5. Japanese community pharmacists in the new era should contribute to 1) the stable supply of pharmaceutical products and 2) protecting citizens' mind and body health. Cherish this proverb: A sound mind in a sound body.

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