Objective: Chronic nasal airway disorders in growing children are thought to adversely affect the normal development of the maxillofacial morphology. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between severe inferior turbinate hypertrophy, which is the cause of chronic nasal airway disorders, and maxillofacial morphology in children.
Materials and Methods: The inferior turbinate hypertrophy group comprised 50 patients （30 boys, 20 girls, mean age 8.9±1.7 years） diagnosed with hypertrophic rhinitis at the Nose Clinic Tokyo and who had an enlarged inferior turbinate hypertrophy. The control group comprised 50 patients （18 boys, 32 girls, mean age 8.7±1.4 years） who visited Showa University Dental Hospital. Using cone-beam computed tomography, the maxillary bone width, upper anterior facial height, mandibular bone width, mandibular ramus height, length of the body of the mandible, maxillary dentition width, mandibular dentition width, anterior cranial base length, posterior cranial base length, cranial base angle, sella-nasion-point A angle, and sella-nasion-point B angle were measured. The differences between the groups were statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance.
Results: Increased upper anterior facial height, shortened length of the body of the mandible and mandibular ramus height, and small cranial base angle were significantly associated with inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
Conclusion: The study suggested that inferior turbinate hypertrophy caused by chronic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis could cause changes in the maxillofacial morphology. Promoting normal jaw development in childhood is crucial for preventing jaw deformities.

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Clinical and statistical analyses were performed on 416 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery at Yoshikawa Orthodontic Clinic from January 2011 to December 2020.
The results were as follows:
1．There were 81 male and 335 female patients （ratio 1: 4.13）. The mean age at first visit was 30.1 （male） years old and 28.3 （female） years old.
2．As the sources of referral of jaw deformity patients, 217 patients （52.2％） were referred by private general dental clinics.
3．The most common clinical diagnosis was mandibular prognathism （28.8％）, followed by mandibular prognathism and asymmetry （19.2％）.
4．The most frequently performed operation was the combination of Le Fort I osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy at 59.4％, followed by sagittal split ramus osteotomy （SSRO） at 16.6％.
5．Removal of the plate was performed on 381 patients （91.8％）.
6．Genioplasty was performed on 113 patients （27.2％）.
In surgical orthodontic treatment, an interdisciplinary approach with oral surgery allows a more flexible response to various cases.

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Patients diagnosed with jaw deformity after middle age often have periodontal disease and missing teeth. In such cases, periodontal and prosthetic treatment is required in addition to orthodontic treatment. Therefore, surgical orthodontic treatment for middle-aged patients requires a more careful approach than for younger patients. This is a report of two representative cases.
Case 1: A 51-year-old male patient with the chief complaint of masticatory dysfunction by anterior cross bite was referred to our hospital. A diagnosis of mandibular prognathism was made and surgical orthodontic treatment was initiated. This patient had severe periodontal disease and missing teeth, which required periodontal treatment combined with periodontal surgery and prosthetic treatment before the surgical orthodontic treatment. In the surgical orthodontic treatment, anchor screws were used to support the vertical occlusal stop lost due to the missing teeth. After the presurgical orthodontic treatment, sagittal split ramus osteotomy was performed. Finally, partial dentures for the upper and lower jaws were fabricated for the final prosthesis.
Case 2: A 62-year-old female patient with the chief complaint of masticatory dysfunction by anterior cross bite was referred to our hospital. A diagnosis of mandibular prognathism was made and surgical orthodontic treatment was initiated. The periodontal disease was mild, but multiple teeth were missing. To shorten the treatment period, presurgical orthodontic treatment was minimized and prosthetic treatment was also applied. In the surgical orthodontic treatment, anchor screws were also used in this case to restore the vertical occlusal stop lost due to the missing teeth. After the presurgical orthodontic treatment, sagittal split ramus osteotomy was performed. Finally, partial dentures on the left side for the upper and lower jaws were fitted for the final prosthesis.

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