In football, players express their objections to referees’ decisions in the form of “protests” when they are not convinced that the referee’s judgment is correct. Previous studies have shown that protests have several disadvantages. Furthermore, since switching between offense and defense is important in football, moving quickly to the next play without protesting is important. Therefore, this study sought to identify factors associated with protests by football players. Specifically, interviews were conducted with university football players regarding the reasons that they would or would not protest against referees during football matches. Based on the interview results, items were created to measure protests against referees in football games and to measure factors expected to be related to such protests, and a questionnaire survey was conducted using these items. The results showed that players who felt that protests were costly, felt that they could cope well with unsatisfactory judgments made by referees, or who respected referees did not protest very often in various situations in football games.

Affirmative opinions on tolerating corporal punishment are deep-rooted in athletic activities. This study investigated conditions of corporal punishment and inappropriate coaching in high school athletic club activities by examining factors explaining attitudes tolerating corporal punishment from the perspective of proactive or reactive aggression. We surveyed university students (n=180) and assessed their rate of experiencing some form of corporal punishment or inappropriate coaching. Next, we examined factors explaining attitudes toward tolerating corporal punishment through hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the Bootstrap method. The results indicated that the experience of corporal punishment had a positive effect on the degree of tolerating corporal punishment. Moreover, positive assessment of aggression, revengeful intentions, and anger continuity positively explained the degree of tolerating corporal punishment. These findings clarify specific psychological variables explaining pro corporal punishment attitudes and would contribute to the future elucidation of their detailed psychological mechanisms.