The structure of the lingual papillae and the ultrastructure of the surface of the dorsal lingual epithelial cells in crab-eating monkeys Macaca irus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Filiform papillae, which were densely distributed all over the dorsal surface of the lingual body, were crown-shape, with a central round concavity and several or more branches surrounding the rear part of the central area in a semicircle. Domeshaped, fungiform papillae were scattered among these filiform papillae. At the posterior end of the lingual body, several circumvallate papillae were observed. Higher magnification of the lingual dorsal epithelium revealed that prominent microridges and elevated intercellular borders were widely distributed over the central area of the filiform papillae and the interpapillar area. On the surface of the branches of the filiform papillae, indistinct microridges were visible. On the rear surface of the filiform papillae, fine pits and hollows were observed.

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Skull measurements of the finless porpoise were compared among the Indian Ocean, Yangtze River and Japanese waters. Codylobasal lengths of physically mature specimens were greatest in Japanese waters and smallest in the Indian Ocean as suggested by earlier studies. Analyses of covariance indicated that individuals in the Indian Ocean have relatively shorter and wider rostrums than those in the other areas, while specimens. from Japan have relatively narrower zygomatic widths. Multiple group principal component analysis discriminated the Indian Ocean specimens from the others, but failed to separate the Yangtze River and the Japanese specimens. We consider that geographic differences observed in the finless porpoise are comparable with intraspecific variation reported in a few well examined odontocete species, and not enough to warrant separating Neophocaena into different species. Although overall resolution of taxonomy awaits further studies, the present information supports arguments for classifying finless porpoises in the Indian Ocean and other areas at the subspecific level.

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A total of 620 calls of six sex/age classes of the sika deer Cervus nippon was tape-recorded through seasons and sonagraphically analyzed. Of five call groups identified, two were loud clear calls with high fundamental frequencies. The loudest and longest of these was used for territorial advertisement, while the other, used when alarmed, was high and short. Two other call groups consisted of clear calls or harsh noises, involving many call types the physical structure of which overlapped each other ; these two groups were used for maternal contact, sexual contact, attack, or appeasement at close range. The five call groups were further subdivided into 13 call types. Ten were given by adult males and seven by adult females. Repertoires of subadults and yearlings consisted of parts of the repertoires of adults of the respective sexes. Males increased their range of call types and frequency of calling during the rutting season, while most female calls were used for maternal contact regardless of seasons. The fundamental frequency tended to decrease with age and was higher for adult females than for adult males.

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One female and three male red foxes Vulpes vulpes were radiotracked between November 1988 and September 1989. The sizes of their home ranges were calculated using the harmonic mean and three other methods. The size of the female's range and her core area changed with her reproductive stages. She maintained her largest range (601.2 ha as a harmonic mean), with two core areas (196.4 ha), during the pre-breeding period. Her range decreased with the advance of her pregnancy, and was smallest (108.7 ha) during the denning period, during which her out-of-den activities were confined almost exclusively to a small circum-den area. Her range increased again during the post-denning period. The summer ranges of the males were larger (582.5 ha on average) than the post-parturition range of the female, and their range sizes remained relatively constant. The female occupied mainly a riverside area, whereas the males tended to range extensively over inter-river areas. Bonferroni Z-tests showed that grasslands and riversides were preferred for foraging and resting by both sexes, whereas forests and steep slopes were avoided during most periods. Craggy slopes were utilised mainly for resting. A scatological analysis suggested that the foxes depended for a large proportion of their food on the Japanese field vole Microtus montebelli.

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The musculature of the pulmonary vein of three species of caviomorph, the nutria Myocastor coypus, the guinea pig Cavia porcellus, and the chinchilla Chinchilla laniger, was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. In the nutria and the guinea pig, cardiac musculature was localized only in the extrapulmonary region, whereas in the chinchilla it was distributed not only in the large-sized but also in the medium-sized intrapulmonary venous walls. These results suggest that the pattern of the distribution of cardiac musculature may not necessarily reflect the phylogenic relationships between species, since such a major morphological difference was found within a single phylogenic group. The hypothesis that body size may determine the distribution pattern is supported by the data which show that the cardiac musculature is distributed in intrapulmonary veins in small rodents or insectivores, but not in those of mammals larger than the guinea pig. Furthermore, when the ultrastructure of cardiac myocytes in the pulmonary venous wall of chinchillas was examined, morphological similarities were found between the cardiac myocytes in the pulmonary vein and the atrial myocytes of the heart. This suggests that active contraction of the musculature of the pulmonary vein may also occur.

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