Japanese Journal of Environmental Toxicology
Online ISSN : 1882-5958
Print ISSN : 1344-0667
ISSN-L : 1344-0667
Volume 9, Issue 1
Displaying 1-4 of 4 articles from this issue
ARTICLES
  • Osamu Saika, Yoko Kohayakawa, Akihiko Hara
    2006 Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Acute toxicity test using of 24-hour- and 8-day-old male and female daphnids, and standard reproduction test (effect on parthenogenesis) using females and sexual reproduction test using maleas and females for bis[tri-n-tributyltin]oxide (TBTO) were conducted in Daphnia magna (Branchiopoda, Cladocera). There was no significant difference between 24-hour-old males and females while 8-day-old males were about 2-fold more sensitive than females in acute toxicity. In standard reproduction test, sublethal effects of low fecundity and a few male released were observed. In sexual reproduction test, there was a marked sex difference between males and females in survival, and male and ephipia production were dose-dependently reduced. LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration, 0.2 μg/L TBTO) determined from the sexual reproduction test is lower than that (1.0 μg/L TBTO) from standard reproduction test due to the difference in mortality between males and females. The ratio (1.0/0.2 = 5) of these LOECs is not larger than the current uncertainty factor (usually 10) for species, sex or ontogenetic difference on risk assessment. But further investigation is needed for sex and ontogenetic differences and for the sensitivity for asexual and sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna.
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  • Lei Lei, Mingyu Piao, Hisao Nishizaki, Hirofumi Nakamura, Isao Aoyama
    2006 Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 11-21
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods were used to characterize the compounds causing leachate toxicity. The toxicity screening tests were conducted on leachates from industrial and municipal solid waste landfill using freshwater (Daphnia magna) and marine organisms (Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia franciscana and Vibrio fischeri). Only D. magna and V. fischeri exhibited higher sensitivity to studied samples and used as test species in TIE analysis. The results from combining TIE analysis and physical-chemical analysis suggested that less polar organic compounds might be responsible for leachate toxicities. In addition to organic contaminants, the toxicity stemming from the total dissolved solids (TDS) and volatile substances that partly contributed to the toxicity in municipal landfill leachate were detected using D. magna. In this study, D. magna had a higher potential than V. fischeri to differentiate the toxicity of leachate samples with different chemical characteristics. The Microtox test displayed a higher sensitivity to organic compounds. The Cu concentration in municipal landfill leachate samples was sufficiently high to be toxic to D. magna, but the results of TIE-analysis indicated that Cu might not contribute to leachate toxicity. This fact suggested that the method combining the chemical analyses and TIE manipulations with the toxicity tests was essential to gain more insight into the possible causes of toxicity.
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NOTES
  • Sei ITO, Yuji OSHIMA, Teisuke ISOBE, Kamal Elnabris, Yohei SHIMASAKI, ...
    2006 Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 23-29
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We examined the toxicity of copper (Cu), bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) by using life cycle of marine nematode, Prochromadorella sp.1. Eggs of nematode were exposed to Cu (0.6 mg/L), BPA (4.56, 22.8 and 228 μg/L) and NP (4.4, 22 and 220 μg/L) for 14 days, and their body lengths at 9 day and generation times (days from hatching of F0 eggs to hatching of F1 eggs) were assessed. Body lengths of nematode exposed to Cu were approximately 30% shorter than those in the control groups and the generation times of nematode were prolonged to more than 7 days compared with those in control groups (6 days). No adverse effect was observed in nematode exposed to BPA and NP except for 228 μg/L of BPA group. Coefficient variations of average body length and generation time were less than 7% and 1% in nematode exposed to Cu, respectively. Thus, we concluded that this life cycle test could be applicable for assessing the toxicity of environmental pollutants.
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  • Hong DAI, Fumiyuki ASAKAWA, Fumihiko JITSUNARI
    2006 Volume 9 Issue 1 Pages 31-41
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We carried out an investigation to clarify the real state of indoor air pollution by permethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) and exposure to permethrin of residents by measuring its urinary metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) as an exposure index for biological monitoring. The investigation was conducted in 43 individual houses in Kagawa, Japan. Urine samples were collected from 43 healthy adult residents of these houses. Permethrin in indoor air in 16 of 43 houses showed 4-73 ng/m3. Urinary metabolite 3-PBA concentrations of 1-11ng/mg ? creatinine were detected in 12 residents from the 16 houses where permethrin had been detected. The permethrin concentration in indoor and urinary 3-PBA level in resident demonstrated a positive correlation (r=0.6024, p < 0.01, n=43). The findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals such as permethrin contaminating indoor air; in other word, measuring the urinary metabolite 3-PBA of permethrin via biological monitoring would be useful. Accordingly it will be indispensable to assess farther adequately the risk of environment toxicity to permethrin, as well as prolonged exposure or causing delayed neurotoxicity to these chemicals.
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