In this study, the intracranial response and the cranial stress of a human head model obtained by FEM is verified in order to investigate the mechanism of brain contusion by comparing with the example of autopsy data. Although the finite element method is widely used for the head injury analysis in recent years, data used to verify the calculation result is few and only the limited data of the experimental result by using cadaver are referred. In this study autopsy data are used in order to obtain relation between input (impact speed, weight, etc) and output (pressure, stress, etc) statistically. First, three-dimensional head FE model including skull, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, was built from ach geometries obtained from CT and MRI images. Then, intracranial response in the model was calculated for the verification by LS-Dyna.

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In this research, cylinder, cone, and ball were grasped. And, the load value of each part was measured. And, the grasp form in each shape was analyzed. From a result of gathering for this research, the grasp form of cylinder, cone, reverse-cone, and ball corresponded to three kinds of the method of grasping of tridigital grip, tetradigital grips, and pentadigital grip. The form of a cylinder with a large diameter corresponds to tridigital grip. The form of a cylinder with a small diameter, and cone with a large top angle correspond to tetradigital grips. The from of a reverse-cone with 40°in top angle and the ball with 110mm in the diameter correspond to pentadigital grip.

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Touch and pain sense of the palmar hand was measured quantitatively. The volar side of the right hand of subjects was divided into 26 areas each, according to the location of finger joints and the innervation regions of peripheral nerves. The sense of pain was measured by electric stimulation. Current perception threshold in distal phalanx was lowest in all 26 areas. In all 26 areas, the current perception threshold of 5Hz was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of 250Hz and 2000Hz. In all 26 areas, the current perception threshold of 250Hz was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of 2000Hz.

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Bioactive ceramics/PLLA composites have been expected to apply for the fracture fixations which have more biocompatibility than PLLA. In this study, β-TCP/PLLA composites containing three different β-TCP contents (4.8, 9.5, 14.3wt%) were prepared by injection molding. The results of bending tests shows bending strength decrease with increasing β-TCP contents. On the other hand, bending modulus increase with β-TCP contents. After immersion tests in PBS at 37℃ up to 4 weeks the mechanical properties were increased in all specimens. Predictions of stress-strain curve based on damage mechanics were in good agreement with experimental results.

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This paper is a research on a muscular mechanism. The device that imitated the mechanism of a muscular actin myosin system was made. The white noise was given to this device. As a result, it has been understood that the movement conversion mechanism exists. The movement conversion mechanism converts the noise of high frequency into the low frequency. In addition, the stochastic resonance was confirmed by the amplitude's increasing.

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In order to investigate the high cycle fatigue properties, the fatigue crack initiation property and the small fatigue crack propagation behavior of AZ31 extruded magnesium alloy, rotating bending fatigue test were carried out in air at room temperature. And fatigue crack observation with replication technique were also carried out. As the results, it was cleared that the fatigue crack initiation sites were the inclusions at surface and the fatigue crack propagated through grain boundaries.

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In order to investigate the effect of stress concentration on high cycle fatigue property of austenitic stainless steel, rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out with SUS316NG having loose circular notch such as curvature radius of 3mm and the notch depth of 0.5mm in the air at room temperature. As the results, it was clear that the ratio of stress concentration factor K_t to fatigue strength reduction factor K_f was about 1.14. And also, the method which obtain the fatigue limit of smooth specimen without the cooling of the test specimen during fatigue test was proposed.

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Aluminum alloy die-cast plates (ADC12) were subjected to scanning acoustic microcopy measurement for developing a nondestructive method to detect cold flakes in the die-cast. Acoustic images inside the aluminum die-cast specimen were obtained at 0.1mm interval from 0.5mm to 2mm depth, and compared with optical micrographs of cross-sections at the same depth as the acoustic images. The acoustic images of the cold flakes were good agreement with those observed in micrograph. Then the crack appearance inside the specimen was observed through ultrasonic microscopy during the bending test. The crack can easily start from the surface oxide layer or near the surface (0.1mm〜0.3mm inside), when the oxide layer is perpendicular to the applied stress. But no major effect of the oxide layer parallel to the applied stress on the crack initiation even in the near surface. A crack did not initiate from the inside cold flakes.

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This paper describes high-cycle fatigue characteristics of quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates [-45/0/45/90]_s to 10^8 cycles. To investigate the fatigue behavior in the high-life region, the fatigue tests were conducted with frequency of 100Hz since it's difficult to conduct its with 5Hz and the damage behavior of the specimen was observed with a microscope, a soft X-ray photography and a 3D ultrasonic inspection system. In this study, to evaluate quantitive characteristics of transverse crack propagation in the high-cycle region, the energy release rate associated with transverse crack growth to the width direction was calculated and the transverse crack growth to the width direction was evaluated based on a modified Paris-law approach.

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Matrix cracking initiation and development in CFRP angle-ply laminates under tensile loading are evaluated experimentally. Soft X-ray radiography is used to detect matrix cracks. Effect of ply thicknesses on matrix cracking is discussed. Matrix crack density is measured as a function of applied laminate stress. To discuss the experimental results, a stress analysis procedure considering the material nonlinearity is employed.

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The interfacial strength and the interfacial fracture toughness between a carbon fiber and epoxy resin are evaluated by using the microbond test. Four types of specimens which consist of an epoxy resin with different hardeners and fibers with different surface treatments (with and without sizing treatment) are used. Tests are performed at room temperature, 50℃, 80℃ and -10℃. It is found that the interfacial shear strength is lower for the fibers without sizing treatment and the tendency is enhanced at higher temperatures. The validity of the microbond test is also discussed through the SEM observation of the fracture appearance of specimens. A model microbond test is performed to observe failure process. FEM analysis is conducted to discuss the experimental results.

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The size effect on the diameter has been assessed for the tensile strength of Tyranno ZMI Si-Zr-C-O fiber (UBE INDUSTRIES, LTD.), which shows variable diameter along the gauge. Single fibers of measured diameters have been tensile tested to provide two groups of data, i.e., "small diameter" group and "large diameter" group. The parameters of single-modal Weibull model showed inconsistency on the two groups, thus the Weibull parameters have shown the dependence on the sample diameter. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses had revealed characteristic fracture patterns of extremely weak samples only in "large diameter" group. The potential in the strength improvement has been discussed for an imaginary fiber, which does not contain the characteristic crack sources.

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It is known that the single-modal Weibull model describes well the size effect of brittle fiber tensile strength. However, some ceramic fibers have been reported that single-modal Weibull model provided biased estimation on the gauge length dependence. The objective of this study is thus to assess if the Weibull parameters are dependent on the gauge length for the case of small gauge length samples. Tyranno ZMI Si-Zr-C-O fiber has been selected as an example fiber. To analyze the dependence of the Weibull parameters on the gauge length, the tensile tests have been done on several gauge lengths. The derived Weibull parameters have shown a dependence on the gauge length. Fracture surfaces were observed with SEM. Then we categorized fracture surfaces by four kinds of fracture patterns. The percentage of each fracture pattern was found variable with the gauge length.

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Recently, because the micro-machine is noticed and electronic equipments are made much lighter and smaller, the demand for micro materials is increasing. The researches for elucidating the mechanical properties of micro materials have been carried out. However the mechanical properties data of the micro materials obviously run short and the evaluation method of micro materials is different according to the researcher. Therefore, the establishment of the test method for the micro materials is very necessary. In this study, SUS304 thin sheets which thicknesses are 20μm were used. Specimens were manufactured using electrospark machining method and photo-etching method, and fatigue tests were carried out. As the results, it was seen that fatigue lives of electrospark machining specimens and photo-etching specimens were the identical order. The fatigue crack origins were inside and side of specimen.

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Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) display nonlinear mechanical behavior related matrix microcracks and various internal effects. Model of that behavior is an efficient tool on a structural analysis scale. On/Off-axis tension/compression and losipescu shear experiments of 2-D plane woven NUSK-CMC are carried out to obtain the nonlinear mechanical behavior. From the data, a damage mechanical model about CMC's nonlinear mechanical behavior has been developed according to the continuum damage theory. This report presents experiment result of Open whole tension tests and bending test of I-beam. And FEA results of those experiments. The results proof that damage model is very effective..

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It is reported that the transformation characteristic of Ti-Ni shape memory alloys is influenced by manufacture condition, such as composition, heat-treatment temperature, cold working, and so on. To understand correctly effect of composition and heat-treatment temperature and cold working on transformation characteristic of Ti-Ni shape memory alloys make it possible to control transformation temperature and recovery stress. The purpose of this work is to clarify the effect of cold working ratio on transformation and deformation behavior after pre-deforming in Shape Memory Alloy. The specimens are Ti-50at%Ni alloys, annealed at 673K for 3.6ks. The variation of recovery stress, recovery strain and transformation temperatures with cold working ratio are investigated experimentally. The variation of transformation and deformation behavior with cold working ratio will be discussed in relation to volume fraction of slip-deformed martensite. Moreover, the solution treatment material was used as comparison material.

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The formation technology into complicated shapes is often required for the applications of C/Cs to hot structures. A newly devised hybrid bonding method was proposed as a bonding technique for C/Cs, which is easily applicable and results in high strength. This bonding is composed of carbon bonding infiltrated with Si melt in the cracks in bonding layer. Thus the hybrid bonding is formed without pressurization. Optimum process conditions of the hybrid bonding were first explored. Then using the optimized procedure, the strength of the hybrid bonding using 2D-C/Cs as substrates was evaluated at temperatures up to 2000K. The strength of the hybrid bonding increased with rise in test temperature. This bonding strength enhancement was shown to be caused by the presence of SiC within bonding layer (crack arrester) and the release of thermal mismatch stress between the bonding layer and substrate C/Cs.

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SiC ceramics are expected as oxidaton resistant coating maerial for Carbon/Carbon composites (C/C). In the present study, SiC ceramics were synthesized through Sol-Gel method with low environmental impact. The gels were synthesized from Ethylalcohol, methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), hydrochloric acid (HCI) and purified water (H_2O), and it was pyrolyzed at 1000, 1500 and 1700℃. The structures of gels after heat treatment, were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD results indicated that β-SiC were obtained in the present method and crystallization was increased with increasing heat treatment temperature. There was little weight loss in synthesized SiC obtained at 1000℃ in air. This resulted in lower weight changes in SiC coated C/C were lower than in bare C/C. However, SiC coated C/C were also oxidized because of the generation of crack during heat treatment at 1000℃. Tensile Strength of SiC coated C/C were higher than bare C/C after 5minutes oxidation.

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Thermal shock fracture behavior in SiC whisker reinforced alumina/zirconia ceramics was evaluated by Disc-on-Rod test in which the central region of heated specimen was quenched by means of contacting with a cool copper rod. The specimen was sintered by a hot press and a precrack was introduced. AE signals during crack growth behavior were detected by AE sensor which was attached on the rod. And using the virtual crack closure method, thermal stress and stress intensity factor were calculated from the temperature distribution measured by IR camera. The fracture resistance at the onset of crack growth was equivalent to monolithic alumina ceramics. On the other hand, the crack growth resistance was much larger than alumina ceramics, then the crack was arrested in the specimen. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the multiple toughening mechanism (crack bridging and phase transformation toughening) contributed the enhancement of crack growth resistance thermal shock.

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Impact and fracture monitoring on CFRP structures are important issue to assure the structural reliability. We have developed an in-situ source location system using Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring for CFRP anisotropic structures. AE in thin plates, such as CFRP structures, propagates as Lamb (plate) waves and the velocity of AE depends on frequency. Furthermore, in CFRP structures, velocity of AE has orientation dependence due to structural anisotropy. Therefore, the source location method for CFRP structure becomes complicated, and the source location required much time. In this study, we used affine transformation in the source location algorithm to reduce calculation cost. The calculation time for each source reduced to 15 msec within the reasonable accuracy.

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This paper proposes a new inspection technique using Lamb waves to detect impact-induced delamination in composite laminates. The technique, which consists of two line scans, is as follows. The first scan measures the arrival times of the transmitted S_0 mode along the 0°direction to detect delamination and evaluate its size. The second scan measures the maximum amplitude of the earliest wave packet in a line, including the longest delamination, to locate its edge. We performed this technique on impacted CFRP cross-ply laminates. A remarkable decrease in the arrival times due to the delamination is detected, and the delamination length can be calculated based on a simple model for Lamb-wave propagation. Furthermore, the delamination edge is located as a sudden decrease in the amplitude. The technique enables detecting the delamination and evaluating its size and location using only the two scans. We demonstrated the validity and usefulness of this technique.

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Impact resistance was investigated about a number of FW-hybrid FRP composite pipes prepared in order to suppress the impact damage. Specimens are distinguished by as follows, specimen A: T700S[0°]_5, Specimen B:T700S[0°]_4+XN10[0°]_7, Specimen C:T700S[0°]_4+ER575[0°]_2, Specimen D:T700S[0°]_4+ER575[0°]_2/flexible resin The impact tests were performed using the drop-weight impact device. The absorbed energy was calculated from speed of the impactor during impact loading on the specimens measured with a high-speed video camera. To evaluate the impact resistance, internal pressure burst tests ware carried out. The burst strength increased with increasing radius of impactor nose. It was clarified with that specimen B has the highest impact resistance.

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Crack growth behavior from a precrack in Alumina under thermal shock was evaluated by Disc-on-Rod test. In the Disc-on-Rod test used in the present study, the central region of heated disc specimen was quenched by means of contacting with a cool copper rod. During test, the temperature distribution on the specimen was measured by infrared camera. Simultaneously, AE signals during crack growth were detected by an AE sensor attached on the opposite end of the rod and the crack growth behavior was observed by a video camera system. Then, thermal stress and critical energy release rate for different precrack length were calculated by 3-D FEM analysis using temperature distribution. Relationship between the stability of crack growth and precrack length was discussed. Consequently, the crack growth behavior under thermal shock was characterized.

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This paper analytically studies a reduction mechanism of compressive performance of composite laminates due to multiple delaminations using a finite element analysis. A commercially available finite element code (ABAQUS) is adopted and a cohesive force model is incorporated to simulate the propagation of multiple delaminations through a user subroutine. An interface element is placed at the interlaminar surfaces of the laminates. In the interface element the delamination is assumed to propagate when the total energy is reached a critical value. Significant load reduction is observed after delamination growth is initiated.

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An effect of the plastic deformation on the interfacial energy of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite is studied to evaluate the initiation of the interfacial debonding. We performed the fragmentation test with a model glass fiber-reinforced vinylester matrix composite, and calculated the interfacial energy with the energy balance method taking into account an energy dissipation of the plastic deformation. The following results are confirmed; the plastic deformation has a significant influence on the interfacial energy, and the energy balance scheme considering the plastic energy dissipation leads to the constant interfacial energy without reference to the amount of the released potential energy. The differences between our model and the previous one are discussed.

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Single fiber fragmentation test is one of the methods to evaluate strength of a fiber embedded in matrix resin. This method has two advantages; the Weibull parameter can be obtained from a few tests and an actual strength of the embedded fiber in practice can be obtained. This test evaluates relationship between the fiber strength and the fiber length. However, the fiber length is defined by the length of the gage length divided by the number of fragment points, and the fiber length is overestimated. Therefore, in the conventional evaluation, the fiber strength is not independent to interfacial strength and test speed. To assume the exact fiber length, an interfacial debonding length and a stress recovery length must be considered. In this study, the new corrected evaluation to generalize the fiber strength is suggested. To discuss the validity of the method, several fragmentation tests are performed under the condition of the various interfacial strength and the various test speed.

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A computerized method of (a) calculating shape and color features of existing designs from their 3D polygon models, (b) analyzing the designs by representing them as vectors in a feature space, and (c) searching for a distinctive usage of shape and color as a vector furthermost from the existing vectors in the space, is proposed. In this method, a distinctiveness of a design from existing designs is mathematically defined and used for the search process. A searched solution should help a designer to think of a new design distinctive from existing ones to attract consumer attention. The proposed method is implemented as a software and applied to simplified models of nine personal computer designs and seven digital camera designs.

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Automobile collision causes driver and car-body serious damage. In the case of offset automobile collision, conventional shock absorbing methods are not enough to absorb the energy of the collision. In this case, shock force is not homogeneous according to absorbing parts. One part receives very high shock force. If shock force is homogeneous among the absorbing parts, the peak value of the force is lower than if it is inhomogeneous. In this study, we suggest a new type of engine mount, in which the rotation of the engine is controlled using variable dampers. By controlling the damping force, the shock force among the parts was homogenized and the peak value of the force was reduced.

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This paper presents a numerical analysis method for solving the shape identification problems of thermoelastic fields. The square error integral between the actual thermal deformation distributions and the prescribed thermal deformation distributions on the prescribed sub-boundaries is used as the objective functional. The shape gradient of the shape identification problems was derived theoretically using the adjoint variable method, the Lagrange multiplier method and the formulae of the material derivative. Reshaping was accomplished using a traction method that was proposed as a solution to the domain optimization problems. A new numerical procedure for the shape identification was proposed. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed by the results of 2D numerical analysis.

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A new optimization method aimed at searching the global optimum solution and decreasing the number of iterations was developed. The feature of the new method is creating an orthogonal array and changing the level value of design factors every search step. The performance of the method was observed on the optimization problem of multi-peaked functions in which the global solution was known in advance. The newly developed method is found to be very effective for searching the global optimum solution of the multi-peaked problem.

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A concept of potentially local search is introduced and used for the evaluation of intensification performance in local search optimization process. The search space is divided by the basin of locally optimal solution and the search dynamics is observed as a transition process from basin to basin. Numerical experiment for the Metropolis algorithm is performed on random Euclidean traveling salesman problems. The result shows that unidirectional transition to better basin appears at low temperatures, which indicates that the present search dynamics has a good intensification characteristic there. The optimum temperature for potentially local search seems to be determined depending on the trade-off between the quickness of the intensification effect and the goodness of the reachable basin. The increase in the problem size seems to widen the difference in optimization characteristics between the real and the potential search dynamics.

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On the basis of the previous findings on the intensification characteristic in optimization by the Metropolis algorithm, the improvement of local search performance using direct deformation of landscape of cost function is studied by numerical experiment on a random instance of graph partitioning problem. As seen in the previous case of Euclidean traveling salesman problem, the optimization performance is maximized at the intermediate temperature which depends on the employed number of search steps. The maximum optimization performance seems to be improved by deformation whereby the search is guided to better basin through the pass over the lower hill of the original landscape.

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The connected control method (CCM) for multiple building structures with a different height and dynamic characteristics has already been established. This paper deals with the CCM for two building structures with the same height and dynamic ones. In order to realize the method, to mount controllers with a difference in level is used. The reduced order modeling method for making each 2 dof lumped model and a fixed-point theory for optimal designing controllers are employed Effectiveness of these approaches are verified through simulation.

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In this paper, we propose a new control method for shifting of gears of a four-wheeled vehicle with manual transmission for 10.15 mode driving automatically on a chassis dynamometer. Intelligent switching of the control system is performed from two degrees of freedom to one degree of freedom so as to achieve shifting of gears like a skillful driver. By carrying out experiments on a chassis dynamometer it is verified that the proposed method is useful.

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Recently, many studies on vibration reduction of railway vehicle have been studied. Usually, the system of lateral vibration and vertical one are dealed with independently. In this paper, the effectiveness of taking accout of two systems at the same time is discussed and a car of railway vehicle model is proposed in the line of this concept. Designs of suspensions are achieved in each system independently. In the system of lateral viblation, H_∞ control theory is applied. On the other hand, in the system of vertical one, sky-hook control theory is applied. Finally, results of simulation are shown.

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This study presents two new productions, the method of making cell structural Joule heating smart laminate and the system to supply electric power for each cell. The function as Joule heating itself makes the anti-symmetric laminate made up of Al alloy, CFRP, KFRP control its own shape and being built-in the censor of temperature make it possible to smart, which, nevertheless, also cause critical problems, thermal distribution, electric power supply, safety etc, so that these problem limit the range of control, size and shape of the smart laminate. To solve these problems, we developed the new method to divide the laminate inside into up to cell structure. As a result, non-uniformity of thermal distribution on the surface caused by single laminate was reduced. Accuracy of prediction and control of shape with less electric power became possible. Moreover intentional thermal distribution is also available.

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This paper considers a sliding mode control of linear systems with uncertain delay at the input. In a case of a fixed time-delay, it is well known that time-delay systems can be transformed into finite dimensional systems by applying Arstein's model reduction method. By using this model reduction method, we propose a design method of a sliding mode controller for systems with uncertain time-delay at the input. The feature of the proposed controller is that the switching surface is a functional and and it is available for systems with time-varying delyas.

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The use of networks in control systems to connect plants and controllers has been studied in many applications. However, the implementation of the network-controlled systems (NCSs) cause several difficulties such as quantization of the changing data and existence of the transmittal delays, which may disturb the stability of the closed-loop systems. In this paper, we consider a stabilization problem of linear systems with quantization and time-delays. The proposed method here is based on the design method of a switching controller with dwell-time and the model reduction technique.

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An optimal servo control method for linear time invariant discrete-time systems is one of the most popular control strategy. Although it has been widely used in several control applications, they have not usually taken into account of a setup phase action before starting optimal servo control. Hence, this paper tries to improve transient performance at the switch from a setup phase action to an optimal servo control. We show that the control objective can be achieved by setting optimal initial value of integrator at the start time of optimal servo control. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown through the application of the attitude control of helicopter model.

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In this paper we propose 'Impact Manipulation'. Impact manipulation is an operation in which a manipulator's hand impacts and outputs a target impulse force on an object without destroying itself. For achieving this operation, first we developed a joint mechanism that prevents destruction of the manipulator's driving parts such as motor and gear. Next we constructed an impact safety distinction method for the manipulator's link and joint shaft. Finally we developed a trajectory planning method that outputs desired target impulse force, and we verified the manipulator can output desired target impulse force from the results of experiments.

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This paper describes a new exploration and modeling method for an unknown continuous state space environment. The purpose of our study is to divide a continuous state space and to construct a discrete Semi-Markov Decision Processes (SMDPs) model so that the agent can perform the task well. In our method, a hierarchical Fuzzy-ART network structure enables to construct the optimal discrete state space for the task. The SMDPs model is constructed by using k-certainty exploration method efficiently. The result of mobile robot simulation showed that our system could construct useful SMDPs model to perform the task well.

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This paper discusses the perceptual system and action system of a vision-based mobile robot used as a soccer robot. We propose a time-series of a searching method based on a genetic algorithm for the visual perception and multi-objective behavior coordination (MOBeC) with fuzzy controller. Finally, we show several experimental results of vision-based soccer robots.

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Feature-based visual servo determines camera movement by comparing a current feature image and the goal feature image. If optical axis rotation for moving to the goal image is required, the traditional feature-based visual servo makes the camera set back. This set back motion is unnecessary. In addition, if the optical axis rotation amounts near π, the camera can't reach the goal position because of the set back motion. In this paper, to improve the optical axis rotation, a new feature-based visual servoing method is proposed, which uses a middle image made from a current image and the goal image. The validity of the proposed method is verified through numerical simulations.

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This paper presents some distance computing methods using a pseudo-inverse theory which is necessary for mobile agents like an artificial life Boyd etc. in order to avoid the collision with obstacles, and to move along an obstacle, which are described by LBI or LMI.

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Current electronic devices consist of extremely small elements, such as ultra-small transistors with gate length of 65nm. Although the development and fablication of these advanced dvices have been primarily based upon electronics, also other science and technology are essential and playing as supporting roles. In this paper, we describe how important mechanical issues have been in this field, such as mechanical strength of 300mm silicon wafers, the impact of wafer geometry on CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing), and stress-imposed transistors to improve electron and hole mobilities.The more reduced size of devices are required, the more important mechanical engineering becomes.

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Magnetic bearing technology is installed in a turn-table of CMP. It is possible to control freely the tilt of a turn-table, and vibration by this. It is able to reduce to 5×10^<-5> [rad] by controlling the turn-table, although the vibration of 27×10^<-5> [rad] is shown in the turn-table surface when a turn-table is not controlled. Further, it is possible to lean a turn-table freely by controlling the current to add, or to make it vibrate. For example, it can be tilted 80×10^<-5> [rad], or vibratied of pitch 2[Hz] and amplitude ±40×10^<-5> [rad]. Although polished by making it tilt or vibrate, compared with the case where it does not control, it is changeless at a polish profile or polish rate.

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