Summary Multi-view stereopsis technique can derive 3D structure from overlapping photography taken from multiple positions, which saves labor cost to obtain height information such as plant height by unmanned aerial vehicle. This technique requires validation by ground control point (GCP) or RTK-GNSS positioning by the vehicle, however, the former needs maintenance of the GCPs and manually correction before 3D construction, and the latter has not been implemented to domestic vehicles. Deriving 3D structure from photography taken by downward camera (angle: -90°) often produces systematic broad-scale deformations. Then, this study investigated the photographing condition reducing number of GCPs and minimizing error of check points by comparing the GCPs allocations and shooting angles. The results showed that oblique shooting (-60°) reduced vertical estimation error to 1.3 cm, the difference of vertical errors between center and periphery, and derived distortion even though the case of GCPs on the only four corners. On the other hand, downward shooting (-90°) produced vertical estimation error of 13 cm even though validation by 17 GCPs. Therefore, this study indicated that validation by the points on four corners with oblique shooting was the compatible practice for both labor effectiveness and accuracy of height information in cm order.

ʻReiwaʼ and ʻWagouʼ are Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) cultivars released in 2022 by the Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIFTS) in Japan. They were selected from seedlings obtained from the cross of ʻKagajizouʼ and ʻGecchibaiʼ, ʻKensakiʼ and MM-43-22, respectively. They were subjected to the third national trial of Japanese apricots conducted at 10 experimental stations from 2008, as Ume Tsukuba 12 and Ume Tsukuba 14. They were named ʻReiwaʼ and ʻWagouʼ and registered as Nos. 29369 and 29370 respectively under the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act of Japan on August 17, 2022. The characteristics of ʻReiwaʼ and ʻWagouʼ at Tsukuba are as follows. ʻReiwaʼ has a white double ?ower and ʻWagouʼ has a white single flower. Flowering times are around March 12 and March 11, respectively. Both cultivars are self compatible. Harvest times are around June 22 and June 18, respectively. Yields per tree are 22.7 kg and 61.7 kg, respectively. Fruit weights are 38 g and 34 g, respectively. The titratable acidities of the two cultivars are the same, at 6.7 ％. Stone weights are 2.7 g and 1.7 g, respectively. Stone weights expressed as percentages of fruit weights are 7.1 ％ and 4.9 ％, respectively. The latter percentage, of ʻWagouʼ, is extremely low among Japanese apricot cultivars. The frequencies of fruit gum are low in both cultivars. The processing aptitude of ʻReiwaʼ is inferior to that of ʻNankouʼ for umeboshi (pickles), but is comparable to that of ʻShirokagaʼ. The fruit juice extracted by osmosis of sugar solution has a strong acidity and an astringent taste. The processing aptitude of ʻWagouʼ was better than that of ʻShirokagaʼ when there were few resins, but the evaluation was lower when there were more in umeboshi. The fruit juice extracted by osmosis of sugar solution scored the same as or slightly lower than those of ʻShirokagaʼ and ʻNankouʼ.

Summary The purpose of this study is to consider measures to respond to current-day rapid expansion of farm-size on large-scale paddy ?eld farm through analyzing 2 family farms over 100 ha cultivation scale in Ibaraki prefecture, especially regarding 3 years of work structure change. The measures against scale expansion as result of analysis are as follows. (1) To implement data-based work management and cultivation management, (2) To use smart agriculture technology to complement and cultivate employees, and rebuild work structure, (3) To promote the consolidation of farmland and other sophistication of land conditions.

We revealed that earlier harvesting of corn grain with high moisture content, using a Japanese combine harvester equipped with a corn header, might reduce the risks of mycotoxin contamination and decreased yield. On the other hand, high moisture harvesting involved higher costs, mainly attributed to prolonged machine-drying time. Furthermore, cleaning of the inside of the combine after each harvesting operation was necessary due to the buildup of moist foliage. These results suggest that high moisture harvesting of corn grain is not realistic in farming.