[in Japanese]

View full abstract

Māori haka is widely known as a war dance or a war cry, partly because of how it is performed by the All Blacks, the national rugby team of New Zealand, before each game of rugby. This paper examined how haka is and was presented to the public in the past and present. During World Wars I and II, the haka performance was designed to convey the message that “Māori is the warrior” to encourage Māori to serve as soldiers, so they could gain equal rights as mainstream New Zealanders or Pākehā. After World War II, Māori people started indigenous movements that allowed Māori people to realise or reaffirm that the words of the haka and the history of the haka are significant. Therefore, these days, Māori people have a tendency to criticise non-Māori performing haka because they believe non-Māori do not appropriately represent Māori tribal history and ancestors. In this way, we can observe the shift of emphasis on the value of performing haka from one of display of masculinity to one of cultural importance.

View full abstract

In New Zealand, Section 59 of the Crimes Act 1961 was amended by the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act on 22 June, 2007. As a result, the use of corporal punishment by a parent was prohibited. As a result of the change to the law, NGOs organised the child’s right advocacy campaigning. In this paper, I will analyse the processes of the campaigning by NGOs from the aspect of collective action frames in order to clarify the reason behind why the law was amended. 　Firstly, the process of frame bridging constructed by EPOCH (End Physical Punishment of Children New Zealand) was important before the bill for the law change was introduced in the New Zealand parliament. This is because EPOCH created a large-scale network of organisations which were supportive of the law amendment through the process. After the bill was introduced, this network facilitated the coordination of NGOs’ and strategic campaigning of NGO supporters. 　Secondly, the process of creating the core framing task was essential. EPOCH recognized the legalisation of corporal punishment under the old law as one of the causes of child abuse. So, they carried out lobbying activities to in order to change the law on the basis of the recommendations from the Committee on the Rights of the Child and so on. As a result, Sue Bradford (a Member of Parliament “MP”) fully supported the EPOCH proposal. If Bradford had not been the one to submit the bill, it would not have been possible to change the law in 2007. 　Finally, the process of frame transformation constituted by the proponents was important in order to avoid counter framing by the opponents. Opponents spread false information about the harmful effects of the law change and promote the public anxieties. To alleviate this concern, amendments were made to the bill, and the bill passed with an overwhelming majority of the MPs’ vote. 　As described above, these three processes were important in the child rights protection movement for the revision of the law.

View full abstract

[in Japanese]

View full abstract