This study aimed to identify factors related to unmasking anxiety, with a focus on the aspect of physical appearance. In this study, body dysmorphic concern and appearance shame were addressed as factors related to unmasking appearance anxiety. In addition, social anxiety and the underlying public self-consciousness and desire to avoid rejection were also addressed. The results of the analysis revealed gender differences, where appearance-related factors were not found to be related to unmasking appearance anxiety for males, but public self-consciousness and social anxiety were related to it. On the other hand, for females, body dysmorphia concerns were found to be related to unmasking appearance anxiety.

The insomnia symptom is a serious problem in Japan. Various cognitive factors have been shown to be involved in insomnia, and in Harvey’s (2002) model, dysfunctional beliefs about insomnia leads to negative cognitive activity, which keeps people awake at night and leads to sleep disturbances. It has been also pointed out that different types of rumination have different effects on insomnia symptoms. In this study, based on Harvey’s (2002) model, we examined the process in which two types of rumination, Brooding and Reflection, affect insomnia symptoms using Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that Blooding is caused by dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and that it leads to insomnia symptoms by promoting pre-sleep arousal. It was also shown that Reflection was not caused by dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, did not lead to pre-sleep arousal, and suppressed insomnia symptoms. In addition, the effects of depressive symptoms, fear of corona and sleep hygiene (frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking, caffeine use), and habits (time in bed, nap time) on insomnia symptoms and cognitive factors related to insomnia were also examined.