RESEARCH ON HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DATABASE DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND, VIETNAM, AND CAMBODIA (PART 1): THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATABASE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Abstract

 The goal of this study was to create a household energy use and lifestyle database for Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. First, for the purpose of confirming database demand and determining specifications, interview surveys were conducted. The targets were 20 institutions, including universities, energy companies, and government agencies. Then, based on the knowledge of the database requirements obtained from the interview survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted. The survey was conducted in urban and suburban areas of Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia, and 1642 valid responses were obtained.

 The average number of household members was 4.1 persons in Bangkok, 4.4 persons in Hanoi and 4.6 persons in Ho Chi Minh City, 5.3 persons in Phnom Penh and “Kampong Cham and Battambang” (hereinafter called "KC and BB"). In Cambodia, households with more than 7 persons accounted for 27.1% of all households in Phnom Penh and 25.0% in KC and BB.

 Households whose income was 800~1300 USD accounted for 40.0% of all households in Bangkok, 36.1% in Hanoi, and 27.0% in Ho Chi Minh City. The average income was 1142 USD in Bangkok, 1005 USD in Hanoi, and 833 USD in Ho Chi Minh City. In Cambodia, over 90% of households had an income of less than 530 USD, and the average income was 451 USD in Phnom Penh and 328 USD in KC and BB.

 In Bangkok, the proportion of households with a total floor area of 75 m² or less was 50.3% and highest among the areas surveyed. The percentage of households with under 50 m² of total floor area in Hanoi was 12.4%. In Ho Chi Minh City, the percentages of households with total floor area less than 50 m², between 50 m² and 75 m², and between 75 m² and 100 m² were equally distributed at 24.3%, 21.6%, and 23.2%, respectively. The proportion of households with total floor area under 50 m² in Ho Chi Minh City was 1.97 times that in Hanoi. The total floor area of KC and BB was significantly larger than in other areas. The proportion of households with total floor area over 75 m² in KC and BB was 72.5%, compared with 50.7% in Phnom Penh.

 The percentage of households using electricity was approximately 100% in Bangkok, Hanoi, and Ho Chi Minh City. The electrification rate in Cambodia was relatively low, but it was 91.1% in Phnom Penh and 72.5% in KC and BB. LPG usage was highest in Bangkok at 79.0%, followed by KC and BB at 65.0%. The usage rate of Phnom Penh was the lowest at 44.3%. Charcoal use was high in Cambodia, at 22.1% in Phnom Penh and 30.0% in KC and BB. The usage rate of firewood was 7.1% in Phnom Penh and 2.5% in KC and BB.

 The annual secondary energy consumption per household was 18.8 GJ in Ho Chi Minh City, followed by 18.2 GJ in Hanoi. Electricity consumption in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi was 17.0 GJ and 15.9 GJ, respectively, exceeding the value of 14.2 GJ in Okinawa, Japan. The energy consumption of KC and BB was 17.3 GJ, exceeding that of Bangkok, 16.2 GJ. However, charcoal and firewood accounted for 25.4% of the total energy consumption of KC and BB, and the CO₂ emission there was 52.5% smaller than that in Bangkok.