Abstract
This review examines research on self-esteem in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and discusses future directions. The review's findings indicate that self-esteem in individuals with ADHD is inconsistently reported but tends to be lower than in typically developing individuals. Children with ADHD may also exhibit lower self-esteem, particularly in implicit attitudes, with some experiencing a decline as early as school age. Consequently, early intervention to prevent self-esteem decline should begin in elementary school. The results also highlight that the value structure of self-esteem in children with ADHD is unique, featuring self-protective mechanisms such as positive illusory bias, which may differ from those in typically developing children. Despite these insights, research on effective support strategies for individuals with ADHD remains limited. Future studies should focus on expanding our understanding of self-esteem in individuals with ADHD from multiple perspectives and developing tailored support methods that address their specific needs.
